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21.
Pradeep Naik Venkataraman Sritharan Premsagar Bandi Mallikarjuna Madhavarapu 《Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB》2013,28(1):38-45
Liver transplantation means surgical replacement of a diseased liver with a healthy liver. The survival rate used to be 30 % after 1 year and LTx was considered to be the last procedure when all medical or surgical intervention failed. Advances in donor organ preservation, surgical techniques, patient selection, immunosuppressive regimens and treatments for opportunistic infections all have contributed to substantially improve the survival rates. Despite substantial technological, medical and surgical advances, liver transplantation remains a complex procedure that is accompanied by significant morbidity and mortality. The post-operative outcome of each patient varies greatly depending on the patient’s pre- operative state, quality of the donated organ and the complexity of the surgery. Complications occur both immediately post transplant and in the long term. Most of the problems can be satisfactorily assessed with a panel of routine LFTs results of which are generated quickly, cheaply on the analyzer which operates 24 h. Liver Function Test identifies the presence of problem but not problem itself. Abnormal results can be meaningful only when used with clinical data, radiological findings. The study includes 75 post LTx patients in three groups adults (non ACR), Pediatrics and ACR. All recipients were on immunosuppressive therapy (tacrolimus, mycophenolate and methylprednisolone), antiviral (ganciclovir), antiprotozoal, antibacterial and antifungal (fluconazole). 5 mL of blood was drawn in plain vacutainer from the post LTx patients every day for 15 days and LFT and GGT was done. Routinely performed liver function tests correlates well with clinical complications involving liver in the transplant patients. Instead of daily testing, may be alternate day analysis of LFT should be sufficient for effective monitoring of patients. The total protein and albumin and the transaminases offer little help in monitoring LFT post LTx. The elevated levels of serum GGT and ALP may be related to chronic immune damage to the transplanted liver. Serum GGT and ALP can be used as early markers for diagnosing biliary complications and can be used to asses adequacy of endoscopic treatment in the group of patients presenting early. Thus, most of the problems can be satisfactorily assed with a panel of routine LFTs generated quickly, cheaply on analyzer which operates 24 h each day. However, it must be emphasized that LFTs may identify the presence of problems but not the problem itself and the abnormal results are meaningful only when correlated with other clinical information. 相似文献
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23.
Ruchi?S. KumarEmail author K.?Subramaniam Shweta?Shripad?Naik 《Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education》2017,20(6):557-590
Understanding signed quantities and its arithmetic is one of the challenging topics of middle school mathematics. The specialized content knowledge (SCK) for teaching integers includes understanding of a variety of representations that may be used while teaching. In this study, we argue that meanings of integers and integer operations form the foundation for the construction of SCK about representations used to teach integers. We report that teachers’ concerns about teaching the topic of integers implicate issues of meaning, although this may not always be explicitly acknowledged by teachers. We develop a framework of integer meanings synthesizing previous research, and describe how the framework allowed teachers to investigate a wide range of representations including contexts and thereby construct SCK in a professional development setting. Teachers constructed SCK by connecting various meanings of integers with one another and with representations including contexts. Teachers made two important shifts, from exclusively using the state meaning of integers to including the application of change meaning to representations and from exclusive use of formal models to including contexts to teach integer addition and subtraction. An implication of the study is that frameworks of meaning for key mathematical topics could be an important component of pre- and in-service teacher education. 相似文献
24.
J. P. Naik 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》1979,25(2-3):167-185
The simultaneous pursuit of equality of opportunity and improvement of standards in the face of scarce resources confronts Indian education with a dilemma common to many countries. Equality and quality are relatively new values for education in India stimulated by the British system and the influence of the ideals of nationalist leaders like Gandhi, but they only gain ground slowly. The modernization process has introduced some changes into class and caste structures in the social and economic context of education, but the situation of the rural masses remains essentially unchanged. In the drive for equality of opportunity, there has been a visible advance in the enrolment of girls, though this may not reflect a real change in status. The same may be said of the education of the lower intermediate and scheduled castes. Regional disparities within the country also continue.The high rate of adult illiteracy has only recently been seen as a major problem, requiring massive government action. In primary education there has been rapid growth, despite continued wastage, but the effects of the power structure on the allocation of resources to education are seen in the reckless expansion of secondary and higher education. Examination of the quality aspect reveals the dual nature of the system, with high standards in a small group of institutions and a less favourable situation in the majority. The major obstacle here is the lack of resources.
Zusammenfassung Durch das gleichzeitige Streben nach Chancengleichheit und nach Hebung des Lebensstandards bei geringen Mitteln gerät das indische Bildungswesen in ein Dilemma, das es mit vielen Ländern gemeinsam hat. Gleichheit und Qualität sind im Hinblick auf die Bildung in Indien verhältnismäßig neue Werte, angeregt durch das britische System und beeinflußt von den Idealen volkseigner Führer wie Gandhi, aber sie setzen sich nur langsam durch. Infolge des Modernisierungsprozesses wurden in den sozialen und wirtschaftlichen Bildungszusammenhängen einige Veränderungen in den Klassen- und Kastenstrukturen eingeführt, aber die Lage der ländlichen Massen bleibt im wesentlichen unverändert.Beim Ringen um Chancengleichheit hat es hisichtlich der Einschulung von Mädchen einen sichtbaren Fortschritt gegeben, wenn das auch vielleicht noch keine tatsächliche Statusveränderung ausdrückt. Dasselbe könnte man von den niederigeren Kasten und Urstämmen sagen. Ebenso bestehen weiterhin regionale Ungleichheiten innerhalb des Landes.Der hohe Prozentsatz erwachsener Analphabeten wurde erst kürzlich als wesentliches Problem erkannt, das durchgreiffende staatliche Maßnahmen erfordert. Zwar kam es, trotz anhaltender Vergeudung, auf dem Primärsektor zu einem schnellen Ausbau, aber die Auswirkungen der Machtstruktur auf die Verteilung der Bildungsmittel zeigen sich in der unüberlegten Ausweitung der Ober- und Hochschulbildung. Bei der Untersuchung des qualitativen Aspekts offenbart sich die Zwiespältigkeit des Systems: Hohes Niveau bei einer kleinen Gruppe von Einrichtungen und eine weniger günstige Lage für die Mehrheit. Das Haupthindernis liegt hier im Fehlen der Mittel.
Résumé La poursuite simultanée de l'égalité des chances et de l'amélioration des niveaux, en dépit des ressources réduites, place l'éducation indienne devant un dilemme que connaissent également bon nombre de pays. L'égalité et la qualité sont des valeurs relativement nouvelles dans l'éducation en Inde et elle ne gagnent du terrain que lentement, bien qu'elles aient été stimulées par le système britannique et par l'influence des idéaux des leaders nationalistes comme Gandhi. Le processus de modernisation a apporté quelques changements dans les structures de classes et de castes, pour ce qui est du contexte économique et social de l'éducation, mais la situation des masses rurales demeure fondamentalement inchangée. Le mouvement pour l'égalité des chances a été marqué par une augmentation dans la fréquentation scolaire des filles mais cela ne reflète pas forcément un changement réel de la situation. Il en va de même pour l'éducation des castes inférieures et de la dernière caste (scheduled castes). Les inégalités régionales subsistent aussi.Ce n'est que récemment que le taux élevé de l'analphabétisme des adultes a été considéré comme un problème majeur réclamant une action gouvernementale massive. Dans l'éducation primaire il s'est produit un développement rapide, en dépit d'un déchet continu, mais les effets de la structure du pouvoir sur l'allocation des ressources pour l'éducation sont visibles dans le développement imprudent de l'éducation secondaire et supérieure. L'examen de la qualité révèle la nature double du système, avec des normes élevées dans un petit nombre d'institutions et une situation moins favorable pour la majorité. L'obstacle essentiel est constitué ici par le manque de ressources.相似文献
25.
D. Jain A. Ray A. K. Bahadur K. U. Chaturvedi R. Sood S. Sharma S. L. D. Naik B. K. Sharma 《Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB》2001,16(1):42-51
There are numerous growing evidences of resemblance between carcinomas of the breast and prostate. A total of 45 cases of
these two hormone-dependent cancers along with appropriate controls were subjected for status of epidermal growth factor receptors
as well as serum lipid profile. Paraffin embedded tissue sections from aforesald tumours were analysed by immunohistochemical
staining for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R), c-erbB-2 oncoprotein, estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor
(PgR). Sera from same individuals were studied for serum lipid profile analysis. The study revealed that immunoexpression
of all receptor proteins (EGF-R). c-erbB-2 was significantly higher in breast carcinoma. In addition, mean levels of triglycerides,
total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol were found to be significantly elevated while the level of HDL-cholesterol was observed
to be lower among patients with breast cancer as compared to matched controls. Further, ER-positive breast cancer cases have
significantly higher mean level of HDL-cholesterol when compared with ER-negative breast cancer patients. Contrary to this,
no alteration in different serum lipid fractions was noticed among the patients with prostate cancer. However, a positive
relationship was noticed between immunoexpressions of EGF-R and c-erbB-2 in prostate cancer. 相似文献
26.
Dhananjay Andure Kiran Pote Vishal Khatri Nitin Amdare Ramchandra Padalkar Maryada Venkata Rami Reddy 《Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB》2016,31(4):423-430
Lymphatic filariasis is a mosquito borne parasitic infection and can severely affect the normal working ability of an individual. Currently there is no vaccine available to prevent this infection and the development of a potential vaccine could effectively support the on-going mass drug administration program by World Health Organization (WHO). Filarial parasites have complex mechanisms to modulate the host immune responses against them. The glutathione-S-transferases (GST) are the important enzymes effectively involved to counteract the oxidative free radicals produced by the host. In the present study, we have shown that the mastomys which are fully permissible rodents for Brugia malayi when immunized with Wuchereria bancrofti recombinant GST (rWbGST) could induce 65.5 % in situ cytotoxicity against B. malayi infective (L3) larvae. There was a balanced Th1/Th2 immune response in the vaccinated animals, characterized by higher levels of WbGST-specific IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies and pronounced IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-4 cytokines production by the spleen cells. 相似文献
27.
P. P. Naik M. S. Ghadge A. S. Raste 《Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB》2006,21(2):100-102
A number of epidemiologic studies has been published in recent years showing an increase risk of death from cancer in subjects
with low plasma cholesterol levels. Although several authors proposed that hypocholesterolemia is predisposing factor for
cancer development, no causative relation has been established so far and that it may be that low plasma cholesterol is secondary
to malignant disease. Hence, the present study was undertaken to examine the lipid profile in children patients with leukemia
and Hodgkin's disease in comparison with age matched controls. The study included 52 normal healthy controls and 105 patients
with leukemia and Hodgkin's disease. Lipid profile included serum cholesterol, HDL & LDL cholesterol and triglycerides. Serum
cholesterol, HDL & LDL cholesterol were found to be inversely associated with incidence of cancer, whereas triglycerides were
significantly elevated in cancer patients. The inverse association between cancer and serum cholesterol may reflect a physiological
response to early undiagnosed stages of cancer. 相似文献
28.
Dayalu Naik S L Suresh Hedau Anil Kumar Bahadur Renuka Saha Sudershan Kaur Amitabha Ray 《Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB》2008,23(3):250-254
The present study was undertaken to determine the significance of sex hormone binding globulin, the major and specific binding
protein for testosterone and estradiol, in breast cancer. Among breast cancer patients, lower serum levels of Sex hormone
binding globulin and higher levels of testosterone were observed. Sex hormone binding globulin showed an inverse relationship
with testosterone and total cholesterol, and a direct relation with HDL-cholesterol. By the western blot analyses, Sex hormone
binding globulin was detected in all biological samples that we examined. In the breast tumor tissue sections, immuno-staining
for Sex hormone binding globulin was confined in cell cytoplasm and 29% cases were positive, which showed no association with
the investigated prognostic markers of breast cancer such as ER and HER-2/neu over-expression. In this study, decreased circulating
levels of Sex hormone binding globulin in breast cancer patients possibly indicate higher bioavailable estrogens. 相似文献
29.
A. Ray S. L. Dayalu Naik A. K. Bahadur S. T. Pasha R. S. Rautela B. K. Sharma 《Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB》2001,16(1):101-105
Serum levels of various lipid parameters, i.e., triglycerides, total cholesterol, alpha lipoprotein or high density lipoprotein
(HDL)-cholesterol and beta lipoprotein or low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol were measured in a total of 138 histologically
proven cases of breast cancer along with 146 control women. The mean levels of serum triglycerides, total cholesterol and
LDL-cholesterol were found to be significantly higher in breast cancer cases as compared to controls. However, lower mean
levels of serum HDL-cholesterol and sex-hormone binding glubulin (SHBG) were observed in breast cancer patients than the control
subjects. The results indicate a probable relation between serum lipids and the activity of sex-hormones. Moreover, the study
reflects an overall disturbance of lipid metabolism in the pathological process of breast cancer. 相似文献
30.
Craig A. Ranson Angus F. Burnett Mark King Nitin Patel Peter B. O'Sullivan 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(3):267-276
Abstract Lower back injuries, specifically lumbar stress fractures, account for the most lost playing time in professional cricket. The aims of this study were to quantify the proportion of lower trunk motion used during the delivery stride of fast bowling and to examine the relationship between the current fast bowling action classification system and potentially injurious kinematics of the lower trunk. Three-dimensional kinematic data were collected from 50 male professional fast bowlers during a standing active range of motion trial and three fast bowling trials. A high percentage of the fast bowlers used a mixed bowling action attributable to having shoulder counter-rotation greater than 30°. The greatest proportion of lower trunk extension (26%), contralateral side-flexion (129%), and ipsilateral rotation (79%) was used during the front foot contact phase of the fast bowling delivery stride. There was no significant difference in the proportions of available lower trunk extension, contralateral side-flexion, and ipsilateral rotation range of motion used during fast bowling by mixed and non-mixed action bowlers. Motion of the lower trunk, particularly side-flexion, during front foot contact, in addition to variables previously known to be related to back injury (e.g. shoulder counter-rotation), should be examined in future cross-sectional and prospective studies examining the fast bowling action and low back injury. 相似文献