Evolution of fat oxidation during exercise in obese pubertal boys: Clinical implications     

Gautier Zunquin  Denis Theunynck  Bruno Sesboüé  Pierre Arhan  Dominique Bouglé 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(4):315-318

Abstract

In this study, we examined fat oxidation rates during exercise in obese pubescent boys. Three groups of pubescent boys (16 pre-pubescent, Tanner's stage I; 16 pubescent, Tanner's stage III; and 14 post-pubescent, Tanner's stage V) performed a graded test on a leg cycle ergometer. The first step of the test was fixed at 30 W and power was gradually increased by 20 W every 3.5 min. Oxygen consumption ([Vdot]O₂) and carbon dioxide production ([Vdot]CO₂) were determined as the means of measurements during the last 30 s of each step, which allowed us to calculate fat oxidation rates versus exercise intensity. Between 20 and 50% of peak oxygen consumption ([Vdot]O_2peak), fat oxidation rate in relative values (mg · min^?1 · kg FFM^?1) decreased continuously with pubertal development. In the same way, the maximum rate of fat oxidation occurred at a lower percentage of [Vdot]O_2peak (pre-pubescent: 49.47 ± 1.62%; pubescent: 47.43 ± 1.26%; post-pubescent: 45.00 ± 0.97%). Our results confirm that puberty is responsible for a decrease in fat free mass capacities to use fat during exercise. The results suggest that post-pubescent obese boys need to practise physical activity at a lower intensity than pre-pubescent boys to enhance lipolysis and diminish adipose tissue and the consequences of obesity.  相似文献   

ENTRE REPRODUCTION ET MOBILISATION: LES RAPPORTS DE GENRE EN FORMATION CONTINUE EN FRANCE ET AU CANADA     

Christine Fourner  Pierre Béret  Pierre Doray  Paul Bélanger 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》2009,55(1):75-103

REPRODUCTION OR MOBILISATION? GENDER PROPORTIONS IN CONTINUING EDUCATION IN FRANCE AND CANADA – Initial education provisions for women have evolved greatly over the past 40 years. But what about their situation within adult education and training? This article, comparing Canada and France, shows that, while it is well known that more women than men participate in adult education, their greater presence in professional training courses is a new development. The analysis highlights certain particular findings, such as the growing demand for continuing education in Canada and the increased rate of participation by full-time employees in France. In both countries, a number of social factors continue to influence women’s participation.  相似文献   

Introduction     

Jean-françois Rouet  Pierre Dillenbourg  Karl Steffens  Herre van Oostendorp 《Instructional Science》1999,27(3-4):197-199

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Conquering organizational change: How to succeed where most companies fail     

Pierre Mourier  Martin Smith  Heekap Lee 《Performance Improvement》2002,41(6):44-47

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Using immersive virtual reality to support designing skills in vocational education     

Kevin Gonyop Kim  Catharine Oertel  Martin Dobricki  Jennifer K. Olsen  Alessia E. Coppi  Alberto Cattaneo  Pierre Dillenbourg 《British journal of educational technology : journal of the Council for Educational Technology》2020,51(6):2199-2213

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Upper limb and trunk muscle activity patterns during seated and standing cycling     

Nicolas A. Turpin  Antony Costes  Pierre Moretto  Bruno Watier 《Journal of sports sciences》2017,35(6):557-564

The objective of this study is to clarify the functional roles of upper limb muscles during standing and seated cycling when power output increases. We investigated the activity of seven upper limb and trunk muscles using surface electromyography (EMG). Power outputs ranged from ~100–700 W with a pedalling frequency of 90 revolution per minute. Three-dimensional handle and pedal forces were simultaneously recorded. Using non-negative matrix factorisation, we extracted muscle synergies and we analysed the integrated EMG and EMG temporal patterns. Most of the muscles showed tonic activity that became more phasic as power output increased. Three muscle synergies were identified, associated with (i) torso stabilisation, (ii) compensation/generation of trunk accelerations and (iii) upper body weight support. Synergies were similar for seated and standing positions (Pearson’s r > 0.7), but synergy #2 (biceps brachii, deltoidus and brachioradialis) was shifted forward during the cycle (~7% of cycle). The activity levels of synergy #1 (latissimus dorsi and erector spinae) and synergy #2 increased markedly above ~500 W (i.e., ~+40–70% and +130–190%) and during periods corresponding to ipsi- and contralateral downstrokes, respectively. Our study results suggest that the upper limb and trunk muscles may play important roles in cycling when high power outputs are required.  相似文献   

Minority education in China: balancing unity and diversity in an era of critical pluralism     

Pierre Walter 《International Journal of Lifelong Education》2016,35(4):468-471

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Cognition and artifacts: A contribution to the study of though in relation to instrumented activity     

Pierre Verillon  Pierre Rabardel 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》1995,10(1):77-101

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CONNECTIONISM AND THE EMERGENCE OF KNOWLEDGE     

Jean Pierre Rossi 《High Ability Studies》1995,6(2):170-175

Procedures for creating used by connectionist networks with hidden units are analyzed. With these networks it is possible to create by modification of the inputs, by modification of collector properties, by modification of connections between units and variation of thresholds of activation, by modification of constraints imposed on the network, by creation of new hidden units or by creation of new outputs. The interest of connectionist networks is in simulating various processes to allow analysis of modifications that are efficient and capable of concretizing the consequences of choices. Networks must be designed as tools capable of helping formalize problems, and not as replicas of cognitive processes.  相似文献   

Community schools and relay schools in the savannah region of Togo     

Saya Kpam-N’Lé Assiah  Pierre Luisoni 《Prospects》2006,36(2):161-183

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