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嘟嘟博士 《课堂内外(小学版)》2004,(11):22-23
亲爱的小朋友,你一定经常看到超市和商场的橱柜里那些摆放整齐、精美可爱的易拉罐吧?可是,当人们吸干它们肚里美味的汁水之后,却把它们抛弃了。其实,它们还能为我们做很多的事不信?请往下看———易拉罐变身术我是一只被废弃的易拉罐,今天是我“罐生”的转折点。1.小家具易拉罐 相似文献
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Eisenberg N Hofer C Spinrad TL Gershoff ET Valiente C Losoya SH Zhou Q Cumberland A Liew J Reiser M Maxon E 《Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development》2008,73(2):vii-viii, 1-160
Adolescence is often thought of as a period during which the quality of parent-child interactions can be relatively stressed and conflictual. There are individual differences in this regard, however, with only a modest percent of youths experiencing extremely conflictual relationships with their parents. Nonetheless, there is relatively little empirical research on factors in childhood or adolescence that predict individual differences in the quality of parent-adolescent interactions when dealing with potentially conflictual issues. Understanding such individual differences is critical because the quality of both parenting and the parent-adolescent relationship is predictive of a range of developmental outcomes for adolescents. The goals of the research were to examine dispositional and parenting predictors of the quality of parents' and their adolescent children's emotional displays (anger, positive emotion) and verbalizations (negative or positive) when dealing with conflictual issues, and if prediction over time supported continuity versus discontinuity in the factors related to such conflict. We hypothesized that adolescents' and parents' conflict behaviors would be predicted by both childhood and concurrent parenting and child dispositions (and related problem behaviors) and that we would find evidence of both parent- and child-driven pathways. Mothers and adolescents (N5126, M age513 years) participated in a discussion of conflictual issues. A multimethod, multireporter (mother, teacher, and sometimes adolescent reports) longitudinal approach (over 4 years) was used to assess adolescents' dispositional characteristics (control/ regulation, resiliency, and negative emotionality), youths' externalizing problems, and parenting variables (warmth, positive expressivity, discussion of emotion, positive and negative family expressivity). Higher quality conflict reactions (i.e., less negative and/or more positive) were related to both concurrent and antecedent measures of children's dispositional characteristics and externalizing problems, with findings for control/regulation and negative emotionality being much more consistent for daughters than sons. Higher quality conflict reactions were also related to higher quality parenting in the past, positive rather than negative parent-child interactions during a contemporaneous nonconflictual task, and reported intensity of conflict in the past month. In growth curves, conflict quality was primarily predicted by the intercept (i.e., initial levels) of dispositional measures and parenting, although maintenance or less decrement in positive parenting, greater decline in child externalizing problems, and a greater increase in control/regulation over time predicted more desirable conflict reactions. In structural equation models in which an aspect of parenting and a child dispositional variable were used to predict conflict reactions, there was continuity of both type of predictors, parenting was a unique predictor of mothers' (but not adolescents') conflict reactions (and sometimes mediated the relations of child dispositions to conflict reactions), and child dispositions uniquely predicted adolescents' reactions and sometimes mothers' conflict reactions. The findings suggest that parent-adolescent conflict may be influenced by both child characteristics and quality of prior and concurrent parenting, and that in this pattern of relations, child effects are more evident than parent effects. 相似文献
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INTRODUCTION Cell encapsulation in biocompatible and semipermeable polymeric membranes is an effective method for immunoprotection, regardless of the type of recipient (allograft, xenograft, etc.). The semipermeable nature of the membrane prevents high molecular weight molecules, antibodies and other immunologic moieties from coming into contact with the encapsulated cells and destroying them as foreign invaders, but permits the entry of nutrients and oxy- gen and the exit of therapeutic p… 相似文献
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Cladoceransaresmallcrustaceanswhichlivealmostexclusivelyinfreshwater.Only8speciesfromthefamiliesofSididaeandPodonidaearetrulymarine[1].Becauseoftheirlowdiversityandsmallpopulationsize,thebiologyandecologyofmarinecladoceranshavereceivedrelativelylittleattention.TheobjectiveofthispaperistoreportonthegeographicalandseasonaldistributionofmarinecladoceransinthecoastalwatersofsouthemChina.1MaterialsandMethodsMarinecladoceranswerecollectedfromtheZhujiangRiverestuary,ToloHarbour,MirBay,DaPengAoa… 相似文献