信息伦理学的本体论基础   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

瑞菲尔&#;凯普偌  平爱 《上海师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2006,35(5):24-35

文章首先对信息伦理学的悠久历史作了简单回顾。信息伦理学起源于米歇尔·佛科特(Michel FoucauIt)所分析的希腊语概念“自由演说”或言论自由。关于信息伦理学的最新概念尤其与20世纪随着计算机技术和因特网的发展而出现的各种问题密切相关,它包括大众媒体、图书馆学、信息科学以及商业等领域的伦理问题。从广义上说,信息伦理学概念涉及所有可能现象的数字重建,从而导致与数字本体论相关的种种问题。作者根据海德格尔关于本体论与形而上学关系的观点,认为本体论与“存在”本身有关,它不仅仅与形而上学讨论的主题即生物的生存有关。本文将海德格尔的理论和乔治·斯宾赛·布朗(George Spencer Brown)、高特路·甫瑞(Gottlob Frege)、尼克拉斯·鲁曼(Niklas Luhmann)等学者的学说相提并论,同时加以比较。用佛科特的专业术语来说,本体论是形而上学的尴尬困境。从本体论的角度探讨信息伦理学的基础,其首要目的是质疑数字本体论的形而上学的奢望。数字本体论被认为是当今对“存在”的普遍理解。作者把人类存在作为一种与万物存在即“无标记空间”相关的伦理关系加以分析,在此基础上探讨一些数字技术的挑战,并着重分析数字代理人的道德状况。作者据理论证,信息伦理学不仅仅涉及与佛劳瑞德(Floridi)所提到的“信息领域”相关的伦理问题。文章将这种观点与佛劳瑞德提出的关于信息伦理学基础以及数码代理人道德状态的论点进行对比分析。文章认为,简化论者把人体作为数字数据的观点忽视了数字本体论的局限性,抛弃了伦理定位的基础。最后,文章探讨了同“数字分隔”相关的问题以及信息伦理学跨文化的方方面面,并提出了长期和短期的研究设想。  相似文献   

Contributing factors to long‐term citation count in marine and freshwater biology articles          下载免费PDF全文

Joshua R. Nash  Rafael J. Araújo  Geoffrey S. Shideler 《Learned Publishing》2018,31(2):131-139

Researchers have investigated factors thought to affect the total number of citations in various academic disciplines, and some general trends have emerged. However, there are still limited data for many fields, including aquatic sciences. Using papers published in 2003–2005 (n = 785), we investigated marine and freshwater biology articles to identify factors that may contribute to the probability of citation and for cumulative citation counts over 10 years. We found no relationships with probability of citation; however, we found evidence that for those that were cited at least once, cumulative citations were related to several factors. Articles cited by books received more citations than those never cited by books, which we hypothesized to be indicative of the impact an article may have in the field. We also found that articles first cited within 2 years of publication received more cumulative citations than those first cited after 2 years. We found no evidence that self‐citation (as the first citation) had a significant effect on total citations. Our findings were compared with previous studies in other disciplines, and it was found that aquatic science citation patterns are comparable to fields in science and technology but less so to humanities and social sciences.  相似文献   

Metabolic time-course response after resistance exercise: A metabolomics approach     

Ricardo Berton  Miguel S Conceição  Cleiton A Libardi  Rafael R Canevarolo  Arthur F Gáspari  Mara Patrícia T Chacon-Mikahil 《Journal of sports sciences》2017,35(12):1211-1218

This study analysed the time course of the global metabolic acute response after resistance exercise (RE), with the use of proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) spectroscopy. Ten young healthy males performed 4 sets of 10 repetitions at 70% of one-repetition maximum in the leg press and knee extension exercises and had the serum metabolome assessed at 5, 15, 30 and 60 min post-RE. Measurements were also performed 1 h earlier and immediately before the exercises, as an attempt to characterise each participant’s serum metabolome at rest. One-way ANOVA was applied and the significance level was set at P ≤ 0.05. RE promoted an increase in 2-hydroxybutyrate, 2-oxoisocaproate, 3-hydroxyisobutyrate, alanine, hypoxanthine, lactate, pyruvate and succinate concentrations. However, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, ornithine and valine had their concentrations decreased post-RE compared with at rest. This is the first study to show significant changes in serum concentration of metabolites such as 2-oxoisocaproate, 2-hydroxybutyrate, 3-hydroxyisobutyrate, lysine, hypoxanthine and pyruvate post-RE, attesting metabolomics as an interesting approach to advance in the understanding of global RE-induced metabolic changes. Moreover, the present data could influence the time point of blood collection in the future studies that aims to investigate metabolism and exercise.  相似文献   

Cognitive-operative model of intelligent learning systems behavior     

Ana Lilia Laureano-Cruces  Javier Ramírez-Rodríguez  Martha Mora-Torres  Fernando de Arriaga  Rafael Escarela-Pérez 《Interactive Learning Environments》2013,21(1):11-38

In this paper behavior during the teaching–learning process is modeled by means of a fuzzy cognitive map. The elements used to model such behavior are part of a generic didactic model, which emphasizes the use of cognitive and operative strategies as part of the student–tutor interaction. Examples of possible initial scenarios for the teaching–learning process are developed, along with the results provided by the model.  相似文献   

The effect of a structured story reading intervention,story retelling and higher order thinking for English language and literacy acquisition     

Ana M. Cruz de Quirós  Rafael Lara‐Alecio  Fuhui Tong  Beverly J. Irby 《Journal of Research in Reading》2012,35(1):87-113

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of structured story reading intervention, Story reTelling and higher order thinking for English Language and Literacy Acquisition (STELLA), delivered to 38 Hispanic English language learners (ELL) placed in an enhanced transitional bilingual programme over 2 years from first to second grade as compared with 34 control students placed in a typical practice transitional bilingual programme during the same time period. Both treatment and comparison ELL students' retellings of two stories in Spanish and English were measured by five story elements. Findings were that (a) students receiving intervention outperformed their comparison peers in all five story elements in English and Spanish of both stories; (b) students showed stronger ability in their native language in four of five story elements; and (c) students performed at a higher level in the narrative‐informational story than a narrative story in both languages. Educational implications are discussed.  相似文献   

Early School-leaving in Spain: evolution,intensity and determinants     

Enrique Fernández-Macías  José-Ignacio Antón  Francisco-Javier Braña  Rafael Muñoz De Bustillo 《European Journal of Education》2013,48(1):150-164

Spain has one of the highest levels of early school leaving and educational failure of the European Union. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the anatomy of early school leaving in Spain and its characteristics. In order to do so, in the first part we discuss the measurement problems related with this concept and the evolution of drop-out rates in Spain. We argue that the published figures of early school leaving slightly underestimate the phenomenon, and discuss the impact of the increase in immigration rates on the level of educational failure and its very unequal distribution in terms of gender. In a second part, using data from the Labour Force Surveys of 2000 and 2007, we explore the factors behind educational failure by means of a logistic regression. The results of this model confirm the explanatory power of social reproduction hypotheses, but also show that there are important aspects of the patterns and recent evolution of early school leaving which cannot be explained by a single theoretical approach.  相似文献   

El papel de la memoria de trabajo en la adquisición lectora en niños de habla castellana     

Conrado Navalón  Manuel Ato  Rafael Rabadán 《Infancia y Aprendizaje》2013,36(45):85-105

Resumen

En este trabajo se abordan cuestiones básicas relativas a la manipulación y retención de la información en la Memoria de Trabajo y su vinculación con la adquisición lectora desde la perspectiva de los modelos interactivos de procesamiento de la información. Se plantean cuatro experimentos aplicados a niños de nivel lector alto y bajo de primero, tercero y quinto de EGB, respectivamente. Los resultados indican que sólo existen diferencias significativas entre grupos de distinto nivel lector en aquellas tareas con mayor implicaión de componentes funcionales, mientras que las diferencias más importantes entre cursos se dan entre primero y tercero, tanto para componentes estructurales como funcionales.  相似文献   

Ethical Challenges of the Information Society in the 21st Century     

Rafael Capurro 《International Information and Library Review》2013,45(3-4):257-276

The paper deals with theoretical and practical challenges of the information society in the 21st century. In the first part an overview of past and current activities in the field of information ethics at UNESCO is provided (Virtual Forum, Second International Congress on Information Ethics, Observatory on the information Society). The second part presents a historical interpretation of the development of modern information society with the emerging networked world society with its characteristics of interactivity and decentralization. The diversity of moral norms and traditions within this global medium gives rise to the question concerning an Internet-morality as a challenge to ethical thinking. The third part deals with the question of our identity within the framework of a digital ontology. The concepts of “net” and “information” are analysed. A future information ethics is based on a digital ontology. Living in the information age is considered from the point of view of both an ethical imperative and the art of living.  相似文献   

A STUDY OF SEMIOTIC REGISTERS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL OF FUNCTIONS OF TWO AND THREE VARIABLES     

Daniel Lee McGee  Rafael Martinez-Planell 《International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education》2014,12(4):883-916

Tracing the path from a numerical Riemann sum approximating the area under a curve to a definite integral representing the precise area in various texts and online presentations, we found 3 semiotic registers that are used: the geometric register, the numerical register, and the symbolic register. The symbolic register had 3 representations: an expanded sum, a sum in sigma notation, and the definite integral. Reviewing the same texts, we found that in the presentation of double and triple integrals, not a single textbook continues to present the numerical register and the expanded sum representation of the symbolic register. They are implied and the expectation appears to be that students no longer need them. The omission of these representations is quite ubiquitous and correspondingly affects millions of students. Materials that present the missing numerical register representation and the expanded sum representation of the symbolic register throughout topics associated with double and triple integrals have been created. This paper presents the results of a clinical study on the improvement of student comprehension of multivariable integral topics when these representations are included.  相似文献   

Short animation movies as advance organizers in physics teaching: a preliminary study     

André Koscianski  Rafael João Ribeiro  Sani Carvalho Rutz da Silva 《Research in Science & Technological Education》2013,31(3):255-269

Background : Advance organizers are instructional materials that help students use previous knowledge to make links with new information. Short animation movies are a possible format and are well suited for physics, as they can portray dynamic phenomena and represent abstract concepts.

Purpose : The study aimed to determine guidelines for the construction of an instructional short animation movie, with the role of an advance organizer. A film was created in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the approach, making part of a physics lesson and concerning the subject ‘moment of a force’.

Sample : The study took place in a Brazilian school in the city of Arapoti, in the south region of the country. Thirty-eight students participated, having an average age of 16 and following the third year of high school.

Design and methods : Criteria drawn from a literature review directed the construction of the movie and the lesson. Data were collected using pre- and post-tests; registers of oral comments were also done during the class. The post-test included open-ended questions, allowing students to write remarks concerning the lesson and the animation.

Conclusions : The article describes steps and guidelines to orient the process of designing an animation movie with the role of advance organizer. Data indicated that the movie facilitated the construction of links between pre-existent knowledge and the new information presented in the lesson. The proposed methodology can be considered a valid framework to derive similar approaches.  相似文献