The inner world of school principals: Reflections on career life stages   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Lya Kremer-Hayon  Ralph Fessler 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》1992,38(1):35-45

The study is aimed at disclosing the reflections of school principals on their careers and investigating whether these reflections point to any distinct career stages. Ten school principals were interviewed using the think aloud technique. This process was protocolled verbatim. The protocol content analysis yielded two developmental trends: From management to leadership, and from idealism to realism. These trends started in a distinct induction stage and continued to develop throughout a relatively long period of growth. Principals' career stages were compared with teachers' career stages that had been identified in the literature. In addition to the career stages that were identified two topics of references emerged: Environmental influences and time perspectives. Practical as well as theoretical implications of the findings are discussed.

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Zusammenfassung In diesem Artikel sollen Überlegungen der Schulleiter hinsichtlich ihrer Karriere näher beleuchtet, und es soll herausgefunden werden, ob diese Überlegungen auf bestimmte Stufen der Karriere hinweisen. Zehn Schulleiter wurden mit Hilfe der Technik des lauten Denkens interviewt. Dieser Prozess wurde wortgetreu protokolliert. Die Inhaltsanalyse des Protokolls ergab zwei Entwicklungstrends: von der Verwaltung zur Leitung und von Idealismus zu Realismus. Diese Trends begannen in einer bestimmten Einführungsphase und entwickelten sich während einer relativ langen Wachstumsphase weiter. Karrierestufen der Schulleiter wurden mit den in der Fachliteratur festgelegten Karriere stufen der Lehrer verglichen. Zusätzlich zu den identifizierten Karrierestufen ergaben sich zwei damit zusammenhängende Themen: Einflüsse durch die Umgebung und Zeitaspekte. Die praktischen und theoretischen Auswirkungen dieser Analyse werden erörtert.

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Résumé L'intention de cette étude est de révéler les réflexions de directeurs d'école sur leur carrière, et de déterminer si ces réflexions indiquent des étapes professionnelles discrètes. Un procès-verbal des entretiens avec dix directeurs fut rédigé, en utilisant une technique de penser à haute voix. L'analyse du contenu du procèsverbal montre deux tendances de développement: de la gestion vers le pilotage, et de l'idéalisme vers le réalisme. Ces tendances se manifestent à partir de l'étape distincte de l'admission et continuent à se développer durant une période de croissance relativement longue. Les chéminements professionnels des directeurs sont comparés avec ceux d'enseignants qui ont été identifiés dans la littérature. A part les étapes professionnelles ainsi déterminées, on a dégagé deux points de référence: les influences environnementales et les perspectives liées au temps. Les implications pratiques et théoriques des résultats sont discutées.

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CS-US temporal relations in blocking     

Amundson JC  Miller RR 《Learning & behavior》2008,36(2):92-103

In four trace-conditioning experiments with rats, the influence on the blocking of differences between the blocking cue-unconditioned stimulus (US) and the blocked cue-US trace intervals was explored. Experiment 1 demonstrated blocking despite the blocked cue’s having a shorter trace interval than the blocking cue in both elemental (Phase 1) and compound (Phase 2) training. In Experiment 2, blocking was attenuated when the blocked cue had a longer trace interval than did the blocking cue in both elemental and compound training. In Experiments 3 and 4, the trace intervals of the two cues during compound training were matched (i.e., unlike in Experiments 1 and 2, neither had temporal priority). Blocking was attenuated when the blocking cue trace interval in the elemental phase was shorter (Experiment 3) or longer (Experiment 4) than the compound cue trace during compound training. The findings indicate that subjects encode interstimulus intervals, and they further suggest that cue competition is greatest when the competing cues have the same temporal information as the US.  相似文献   

Reflections as near‐peer facilitators of an inquiry project for undergraduate anatomy: Successes and challenges from a term of trial‐and‐error          下载免费PDF全文

Lauren M. Anstey  Alison Michels  Julianna Szymus  Wyanne Law  Man‐Hymn Edwin Ho  Fei Qu  Ralph T.T. Yeung  Natalie Chow 《Anatomical sciences education》2014,7(1):64-70

Near‐peer facilitators (senior students serving as facilitators to their more junior peers) bring a unique student‐based perspective to teaching. With fewer years of teaching experience however, students who become involved in a facilitator role typically develop related skills quickly through a process of trial‐and‐error within the classroom. The aim of this paper is to report on the authors' own experiences and reflections as student near‐peer facilitators for an inquiry‐based project in an undergraduate anatomy course. Three areas of the facilitator experience are explored: (1) offering adequate guidance as facilitators of inquiry, (2) motivating students to engage in the inquiry process, and (3) fostering creativity in learning. A practical framework for providing guidance to students is discussed which offers facilitators a scaffold for asking questions and assisting students through the inquiry process. Considerations for stimulating intrinsic motivations toward inquiry learning are made, paying attention to ways in which facilitators might influence feelings of motivation towards learning. Also, the role of creativity in inquiry learning is explored by highlighting the actions facilitators can take to foster a creative learning environment. Finally, recommendations are made for the development of formalized training programs that aid near‐peer facilitators in the acquisition of facilitation skills before entering into a process of trial‐and‐error within the classroom. Anat Sci Educ. 7: 64–70. © 2013 American Association of Anatomists.  相似文献   

Attention as an acquisition and performance variable (AAPV)     

Paul Craddock  Ralph R. Miller 《Learning & behavior》2014,42(2):105-122

This article introduces a new model of Pavlovian conditioning, attention as an acquisition and performance variable (AAPV), which, like several other so-called attentional models, emphasizes the role of variation of cue salience, together with associative strength, in accounting for conditioning phenomena. AAPV is primarily (but not exclusively) a performance-focused model in that it assumes not only that both the saliences and associative strengths of cue representations change during acquisition, but also that they are both influential at the time of test in determining responding. Different weights are given to the representations’ associative strengths according to the representations’ respective saliences at test. The model also treats the representation of a stimulus that is directly activated by presentation of that stimulus as distinct from the representation of the same stimulus that is activated by presenting a companion of the stimulus. Additionally, extinction is viewed as resulting from a decrease in the salience of the cue’s representation, rather than a decrease in associative strength. Simulations of several Pavlovian phenomena are presented in order to illustrate the model and assess its robustness.  相似文献   

Protection from extinction provided by a conditioned inhibitor     

Bridget L. McConnell  Ralph R. Miller 《Learning & behavior》2010,38(1):68-79

Three conditioned suppression experiments with rats as subjects investigated the influence of higher order associations in determining the response potential of a target stimulus. In these experiments, a Pavlovian conditioned inhibitor was compounded with the target cue during extinction treatment. In Experiment 1, strong suppression was observed to the target cue that was given extinction treatment in the presence of a conditioned inhibitor, relative to a target that was extinguished with an associatively neutral cue or was extinguished alone, suggestive of enhanced protection from extinction provided by a conditioned inhibitor. This effect was replicated in a sensory preconditioning preparation in Experiment 2; in Experiment 3, in a sensory preconditioning preparation, this protection effect was retroactively attenuated when the conditioned excitor used to train the conditioned inhibitor was extinguished following extinction of the target. This provides evidence that, at least in a sensory preconditioning preparation, stimuli that are only indirectly associated with the target cue can contribute to the response potential of that target.  相似文献   

Ein Vorgehensmodell für die Multimedia-Entwicklung mit Autorensystemen     

Ralph Depke  Gregor Engels  Katharina Mehner  Stefan Sauer  Annika Wagner 《Informatik - Forschung und Entwicklung》1999,2(3):83-94

Multimedia-Anwendungen sind interaktive Softwaresysteme und verlangen als solche, mit softwaretechnischen Methoden erstellt zu werden. Sie werden heutzutage in der Regel mit Hilfe von Autorensystemen entwickelt, die eine Ad-hoc-Entwicklung auf Implementierungsniveau unterstützen. Hierdurch und wegen des Fehlens etablierter Vorgehensmodelle für die Multimedia-Softwareentwicklung reduziert sich der Multimedia-Entwicklungsproze? auf die Implementierungsphase. Dies führt zu den in der Softwaretechnik bekannten Problemen wie mangelnder Konzeption und fehlender Dokumentation. Wir stellen in diesem Beitrag ein Vorgehensmodell für die Entwicklung von Multimedia-Anwendungen vor, in dessen Mittelpunkt eine Analyse- und Entwurfsphase im Hinblick auf eine Implementierung der Multimedia-Anwendung mit einem Autorensystem stehen. Ausgehend von einem frameworkbasierten Analysemodell der Anwendung und einem Modell der Realisierungsm?glichkeiten mit einem konkreten Autorensystem wird systematisch ein Implementierungsmodell auf Instanzebene abgeleitet, das als Eingabe für das Autorensystem verwendet wird. Das postulierte Vorgehensmodell wird exemplarisch für das Autorensystem Director am Beispiel der Dom?ne multimedialer Lehr-/Lernanwendungen erl?utert.  相似文献   

Eleven techniques to jump-start performance dialogue     

Kathleen M. Wilburn  H. Ralph Wilburn 《Performance Improvement》1998,37(1):24-26

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The determination of the structure of crystals     

Ralph W.G. Wyckoff 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》1921,191(2):199-230

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Gasoline from oil shale     

Ralph H. McKee 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》1922,193(3):311-326

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Educational productivity and rorschach location responses of preschool Japanese and American children     

Michio Takeuchi  Ralph Scott 《Psychology in the schools》1986,23(4):368-373

This study compared Rorschach protocols of Japanese five- and six-year-olds with norms of CA comparable Americans, as reported by Exner. Japanese location responses profiles were characteristic of rapid mental development: fewer whole responses, and a higher proportion of major and minor details. Moreover, the Japanese provided more responses and over a greater breadth of content categories. Relatively small differences obtained with respect to developmental quality (DQ), which measures complexity and flexibility employed in responding to blots; Japanese scores on form quality (FQ), associated with conventionality, were significantly lower. However, Exner's FQ scoring format is based on conventionality of Americans' responses; the lower Japanese indices on this measure may be associated with cultural factors that influence perceptual responses and that may affect cross-cultural understandings.  相似文献