Waiting for the Second Treat: Developing Culture‐Specific Modes of Self‐Regulation          下载免费PDF全文

Bettina Lamm  Heidi Keller  Johanna Teiser  Helene Gudi  Relindis D. Yovsi  Claudia Freitag  Sonja Poloczek  Ina Fassbender  Janina Suhrke  Manuel Teubert  Isabel Vöhringer  Monika Knopf  Gudrun Schwarzer  Arnold Lohaus 《Child development》2018,89(3):e261-e277

The development of self‐regulation has been studied primarily in Western middle‐class contexts and has, therefore, neglected what is known about culturally varying self‐concepts and socialization strategies. The research reported here compared the self‐regulatory competencies of German middle‐class (N = 125) and rural Cameroonian Nso preschoolers (N = 76) using the Marshmallow test (Mischel, 2014). Study 1 revealed that 4‐year‐old Nso children showed better delay‐of‐gratification performance than their German peers. Study 2 revealed that culture‐specific maternal socialization goals and interaction behaviors were related to delay‐of‐gratification performance. Nso mothers’ focus on hierarchical relational socialization goals and responsive control seems to support children's delay‐of‐gratification performance more than German middle‐class mothers’ emphasis on psychological autonomous socialization goals and sensitive, child‐centered parenting.  相似文献   

Children's Attitudes and Behavioural Intentions Towards Peers with Disabilities     

Clare M. Roberts  Janina S. Lindsell 《International Journal of Disability, Development & Education》1997,44(2):133-145

This study used the theory of reasoned action to investigate determinants of primary school children's attitudes and behavioural intentions towards peers with physical disabilities. The influence of children's own attitudes toward working with peers with physical disabilities in regular classes and subjective norms provided by their teachers, principals, and parents were used to predict behavioural intentions to befriend and interact with classmates with physical disabilities. The participants were 143 fourth and fifth grade primary school students, their mothers, teachers, and school principals. The students completed an attitude questionnaire and a behavioural intention scale. Their parents, teachers, and principals completed a similar disability attitude questionnaire. The results supported the predictions made by the theory of reasoned action. Children's own attitudes towards the inclusion of peers with disabilities was the strongest predictor of behavioural intentions to interact with a classmate with a physical disability. The attitudes of teachers, principals, and parents were also significant predictors of intentions. However, only the attitudes of parents and school principals accounted for any more variance than children's attitudes alone. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of developing whole class interventions to promote the social integration of children with physical disabilities.  相似文献   

English as a foreign language spelling: comparisons between good and poor spellers          下载免费PDF全文

Susie Russak  Janina Kahn‐Horwitz 《Journal of Research in Reading》2015,38(3):307-330

This study examined English as a foreign language (EFL) spelling development amongst 233 fifth‐grade, eighth‐grade and 10th‐grade Hebrew first‐language speakers to examine effects of English orthographic exposure on spelling. Good and poor speller differences were examined regarding the acquisition of novel phonemes (/æ/, /Λ/ and //) and orthographic conventions (/ð/, /θ/, // and silent ‘e’). Hebrew measures included standardised spelling and orthographic and phonological tasks. Experimental English measures included real‐word and pseudoword spellings, orthographic tasks and standardised spellings. Results showed significant differences in spelling accuracy between good and poor spellers at all grades. Spelling accuracy for most conventions did not improve after the eighth grade. Spellings of consonantal clusters, initial h and /ð/ differed between good and poor spellers in the fifth grade only. Hebrew spelling was one of the strongest predictors of EFL real‐word and pseudoword spellings in both fifth and eighth grades. Implications for teaching practice are discussed.  相似文献   

Computer-based instruction for improving student nurses’ general numeracy: is it effective? Two randomised trials     

Hannah Ainsworth  Mollie Gilchrist  Celia Grant  Catherine Hewitt  Sue Ford  Moira Petrie 《Educational studies》2012,38(2):151-163

In response to concern over the numeracy skills deficit displayed by student nurses, an online computer programme, “Authentic World®”, which aims to simulate a real-life clinical environment and improve the medication dosage calculation skills of users, was developed (Founded in 2004 Authentic World Ltd is a spin out company of Glarmorgan and Cardiff Universities, Cardiff, Wales UK.). Two randomised controlled trials were conducted, each at a UK University, in order to investigate the impact of Authentic World® on student nurses’ general numeracy abilities. All first year nursing students who gave consent were randomised equally into an intervention or control group. The intervention group were given access to Authentic World®. The primary outcome measure was the students’ scores on a general numeracy test. The Intention to Treat (ITT) analysis in both trials revealed a small negative effect of Authentic World® on general numeracy, which was statistically significant in one trial. However, compliance with the intervention was very low in both trials, with only 24 and 12% of students allocated to the intervention groups spending more than 15 minutes using the programme. Providing nursing students with access to Authentic World® is not an effective use of resources since use of the programme appears to be very low.  相似文献   

Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games:Commitments to science and public health     

Yu Liu  Barbara E.Ainsworth  Erich Müller 《运动与健康科学(英文)》2022,11(1):1

The Beijing 24th 2022 Winter Olympic Games present a unique opportunity to promote the spirit and values of the Olympic Games in relation to their impact on physical activity and global health,sports medicine,and sports performance.The 2022 Winter Olympic Games mark the 98th year since the first Winter Games were held in Chamonix,France,in 1924.The inaugural Winter Olympic Games sponsored 16 events,and 250 athletes from 16 nations participated.1 In contrast,the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games will sponsor 109 events.  相似文献   

Team building. Is it necessary?     

Len Ainsworth  George Seifert 《Performance Improvement》1984,23(2):15-17

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An interesting property of Legendre polynomials     

O.R. Ainsworth  C.K. Liu 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》1974,298(1):71-72

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Inequality of educational opportunity in Western Europe     

Raymond Boudon  Janina Lagneau 《Prospects》1980,10(2):181-188

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Birth of a miracle     

Ainsworth C 《New scientist (1971)》2001,171(2298):5

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Effect of a Hanging Exercise on the Epiphyseal Cartilage of the Humerus of Albino Rats     

Minsoo Kang  David R. Bassett  Tiago V. Barreira  Catrine Tudor-Locke  Barbara Ainsworth  Jared P. Reis 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(3):445-453

This study was designed to determine the number of days of pedometer monitoring necessary to achieve reliable and valid estimates of a 1-year average of step counts in adults based on either consecutive days (CD) or random days (RD) of data collection. Twenty-three participants (16 women; M age = 38 years, SD = 9.9) wore a Yamax SW 200 pedometer and recorded their step counts for 365 consecutive days. Nine measurement periods of various lengths were selected (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 14, 21, and 30 days). Each measurement period was randomly selected 10 times each for CD and RD from the larger database. For reliability and validity, two-way intraclass correlation coefficients and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) were calculated, respectively. The year-round average was considered the criterion measure of the “true” habitual physical activity. Data were analyzed separately by CD and RD. At least 5 CD or 6 RD were necessary to achieve an ICC of .80. A minimum of 30 CD or 14 RD were necessary to achieve an MAPE lower than 10%. These findings provide researchers and practitioners with useful information to determine appropriate measurement length and the method of data selection based on a desired level of reliability and validity.  相似文献