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Two experiments examined the counterconditioning of an aversively motivated response in rats. Presentation of a highly palatable sugar solution (maltose in Experiment 1; sucrose in Experiment 2) to thirsty rats was used as the counterconditioning treatment. In Experiment 1, the counterconditioning procedure was found to be effective in modifying both a newly acquired and a cue-reactivated fear memory. In Experiment 2, the counterconditioning effect was shown to occur when the fear memory was reactivated with a noncontingent exposure to the unconditioned stimulus rather than the conditioned stimulus. This outcome supports the interpretation of counterconditioning as a modification of some central representation of the original training memory, rather than the acquisition of a competing peripheral response. The methodological implications of the present approach to counterconditioning are considered. 相似文献
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Although state-dependent retention (SDR) has been the focus of considerable research in recent years, there has been little work demonstrating this phenomenon when the treatment is administeredafter learning. In the present study, the effectiveness of two different treatments, pentobarbital and shock-induced stress, in producing postacquisition SDR in rats was examined. In all experiments, water-deprived rats were exposed to a novel flavor, apple juice, on each of 2 days. Subjects that remember their initial exposure to this substance should show an increase in consumption on their second exposure (i.e., an attenuation of neophobia). It was found that subjects exposed to pentobarbital (Experiment 1) or shock-induced stress (Experiment 2) immediately after their initial exposure did not increase their intake on the subsequent exposure unless they were reexposed to pentobarbital (Experiment 1) or shock-induced stress (Experiment 2b) shortly prior to that exposure. These results clearly show that this “attenuation of neophobia” paradigm can be used to investigate postacquisition SDR. 相似文献
66.
Contemporaneous and Longitudinal Prediction of Children's Social Functioning from Regulation and Emotionality 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
Nancy Eisenberg Richard A. Fabes Stephanie A. Shepard Bridget C. Murphy Ivanna K. Guthrie Sarah Jones Jo Friedman Rick Poulin Pat Maszk 《Child development》1997,68(4):642-664
Relations of regulation and emotionality to social functioning were examined for 77 children followed from early to middle school age. Parents and teachers reported on children's social behavior, emotionality, and regulation, and children engaged in analogue peer conflict situations (i.e., with puppets). High-quality social functioning was predicted by high regulation and low levels of nonconstructive coping, nevatige emotionality, and general emotional intensity. Prediction often was obtained across reporters and time, although prediction was strongest within context (home versus school). Moreover, measures of regulation and emotionality frequently contributed unque variance to the prediction of social functioning. Contemporaneous correlations at age 8–10 were similar to those obtained at age 6–8, and prediction of later social functioning from emotionality and regulation at age 4–6 was similar at ages 6–8 and 8–10. 相似文献
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In a study of group polarization, Boster and Mayer (1984) found that social comparison information influenced perception of persuasive argument information. In their investigation, however, position of majority was confounded with other of presentation. The present study attempted to replicate Boster and Mayer while varying order of presentation. Results of the present investigation, first, support the persuasive arguments explanation of group polarization. Second, results are inconsistent with an order effect. Finally, results indicate a parallel between the group polarization literature and the cognitive response literature in persuasion. 相似文献
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James Hartley Michael Emery Ted Curtis Smythe Benjamin M. Compaine Rick D. Pullen Marshall McLuhan 《Communication Booknotes Quarterly》2013,44(8):161-163
James Hartley, ed. The Psychology of Written Communication (New York: Nichols Publishing/ London: Kogan Page, 1980— E12.00/$30.00) Michael Emery and Ted Curtis Smythe, eds. Readings in Mass Communication (Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. C. Brown, 1980—price not given, paper) Benjamin M. Compaine's A New Framework for the Media Arena: Content, Process and Format (address above—$23.40) Rick D. Pullen's Mass Media Law in California (Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt, 1979 —$9.50, paper) Marshall McLuhan, Kathryn Hutchon and Eric McLuhan's Media, Messages and Language: The World as Your Classroom (Skokie, Ill.: National Textbook Co., l980—price not given, paper) Mieke Ceulemans and Guido Fauconnier's Mass Media: The Image, Role and Social Conditions of Women–A Collection and Analysis of Research Materials (Paris: Unesco/New York: Unipub, 1979—price not given, paper) Managers' Entertainers' and Agents' Book by Walter E. Hurst (revised ed. of No. 6 in the series, 92 pp.) How to Be a Music Publisher by Walter E. Hurst (revised ed. of No. 11 in the series, 74 pp.) Copyright Registration Forms PA and SR by Walter E. Hurst (this is a new title, No. 16 in the series, 73 pp.) How to Sell Your Song by Walter E. Hurst and Don Rico (this is another revision , No. 18 in the series, 95 pp.) 相似文献