Using generalizability analysis to estimate parameters for anatomy assessments: A multi‐institutional study          下载免费PDF全文

Jessica N. Byram  Mark F. Seifert  William S. Brooks  Laura Fraser‐Cotlin  Laura E. Thorp  James M. Williams  Adam B. Wilson 《Anatomical sciences education》2017,10(2):109-119

With integrated curricula and multidisciplinary assessments becoming more prevalent in medical education, there is a continued need for educational research to explore the advantages, consequences, and challenges of integration practices. This retrospective analysis investigated the number of items needed to reliably assess anatomical knowledge in the context of gross anatomy and histology. A generalizability analysis was conducted on gross anatomy and histology written and practical examination items that were administered in a discipline‐based format at Indiana University School of Medicine and in an integrated fashion at the University of Alabama School of Medicine and Rush University Medical College. Examination items were analyzed using a partially nested design in which items were nested within occasions (i:o) and crossed with students (s). A reliability standard of 0.80 was used to determine the minimum number of items needed across examinations (occasions) to make reliable and informed decisions about students' competence in anatomical knowledge. Decision study plots are presented to demonstrate how the number of items per examination influences the reliability of each administered assessment. Using the example of a curriculum that assesses gross anatomy knowledge over five summative written and practical examinations, the results of the decision study estimated that 30 and 25 items would be needed on each written and practical examination to reach a reliability of 0.80, respectively. This study is particularly relevant to educators who may question whether the amount of anatomy content assessed in multidisciplinary evaluations is sufficient for making judgments about the anatomical aptitude of students. Anat Sci Educ 10: 109–119. © 2016 American Association of Anatomists.  相似文献   

Effect of prior nonreward on subsequent incentive growth during brief acquisition     

Charles I. Brooks 《Learning & behavior》1980,8(1):143-151

Four experiments compared runway extinction or hurdle-jumping from nonreward performance following brief (10 trials) continuous or partial reinforcement acquisition. Some of the partial groups received all nonrewarded trials prior to any rewards. The major findings were that (l) rats receiving all nonrewarded experiences prior to rewarded ones were more persistent during extinction than continuously rewarded subjects; (2) rats receiving nonrewarded placements prior to rewarded ones in one compartment of a two-compartment box, failed to learn a hurdle-jumping response to escape nonreward, whereas rats not receiving the initial nonrewards did learn the escape response; (3) increasing the number of rewarded placements following initial nonrewarded ones offset the effect noted in (2). The results, which are discussed in the context of a frustration analysis of the small-trials partial reinforcement effect, suggest that incentive growth over rewarded trials is retarded when the rewards have been preceded by nonrewards. The similarity of these results to those investigating the phenomenon of latent inhibition is apparent, and possible mechanisms responsible for the present results are suggested in current theoretical accounts of latent inhibition.  相似文献   

Learning Difficult Content Using the Web: Strategies Make a Difference     

Brooks  David W.  Crippen  Kent J. 《Journal of Science Education and Technology》2001,10(4):283-285

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Source credibility and presidential candidates in 1996: The changing nature of character and empathy evaluations     

Brooks Aylor 《Communication Research Reports》2013,30(3):296-304

This study examines the importance of character, competence, empathy, and leadership in evaluations of presidential candidates in 1996. Public opinion research suggests changes in the importance and meaning of character in candidate evaluations. The results of this study strongly support distinctions between character‐generated liking of a candidate and vote choice among respondents in 1996. Results also suggest that perceptions of candidate empathy played a larger role in evaluations than in previous elections. Implications of these findings include the need for renewed political communication research on the importance and conceptualization of character and empathy, and the extension of current theory to explain differences in affective candidate evaluations and vote choice.  相似文献   

Telephone History     

W. Brooks Tunstall  Robert W. Garnet  George David Smith  Neil H. Wasserman  H.M. Boettinger 《Communication Booknotes Quarterly》2013,44(7):74-75

DISCONNECTING PARTIES—MANAGING THE BELL SYSTEM BREAK-UP: AN INSIDE VIEW by W. Brooks Tunstall (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1985--$17.95)

THE TELEPHONE ENTERPRISE: THE EVOLUTION OF THE BELL SYSTEM'S HORIZONTAL STRUCTURE, 1876-1909 by Robert W. Garnet (210 pp.---$22.50)

THE ANATOMY OF A BUSINESS STRATEGY: BELL, WESTERN ELECTRIC, AND THE ORIGINS OF THE AMERICAN TELEPHONE INDUSTRY by George David Smith (237 pp.---$20.00)

FROM INVENTION TO INNOVATION: LONG DISTANCE TELEPHONE TRANSMISSION AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURY by Neil H. Wasserman (160 pp.--$17.50)

THE TELEPHONE BOOK: BELL, WATSON, VAIL AND AMERICAN LIFE, 1876-1983 by H.M. Boettinger (available from AT&T Corporate Archives, 195 Broadway, New York, N.Y.---$35.00, paper)  相似文献   

Embedded Librarians: MLS Students as Apprentice Librarians in Online Courses     

Linda L. Lillard  Scott Norwood  Kate Wise  Jan Brooks  Royce Kitts 《图书馆管理杂志》2013,53(1-2):11-22

ABSTRACT

Master of Library Science (MLS) students at one university are serving as apprentice “embedded” librarians in nursing courses at another university. Results of surveys of nursing students at the end of the class and reflections of the MLS students after this experience will be shared from the first semester iteration of this project. A comparison of this project with past iterations of the project will be made in the hope that the information gleaned from these interactions will help in the design of library services. Furthermore, this premise of the development of relationships in the provision of library services for distance learners will be further examined.  相似文献   

Job performance assessment for public affairs officers in the U. S. air force     

L. Brooks Hill  H. Wayland Cummings 《Journal of Applied Communication Research》2013,41(1):16-29

Effectiveness of an information program requires cooperation between those who make decisions and those who explain them to the various persons and groups affected. This study explores difficulties between public affairs officers and their commanders in the U. S. Air Force. A census survey, analyzing questionnaire responses of 118 com’ manding officers, compared preferred to perceived actual time allocations of their public affairs officers across sixteen job assignments. Results indicate low levels of agreement between what commanders perceive as happening and what they prefer. Discussion focuses on four specific problem areas and possible explanations. Directions for improved working relationships are identified.  相似文献   

Understanding Collaboration Using New Technologies: A Structurational Perspective     

James Evans  Laurence Brooks 《The Information Society》2013,29(3):215-220

Recent research in information systems (IS) has focused on the application of social theory in general and Anthony Gidden's structuration theory in particular to help reveal how technical systems can support or hinder human interaction in societal, organizational, and personal contexts. This article examines the potential of structuration theory to facilitate an understanding of social and organizational issues that surround collaboration using new technologies.  相似文献   

Team and seasonal performance indicator evolution in the ANZ Championship netball league     

Lyndell Bruce  Edward R. Brooks  Carl T. Woods 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(24):2771-2777

ABSTRACT

Analysis of netball has received scant attention in the literature and there is little understanding of the dynamics of netball game-play. This study aimed to analyse team and seasonal performance indicator (dis)similarity in the ANZ Championship (netball). Total season values for nine performance indicators were analysed for the ten ANZ Championship teams from 2009 to 2016. The data were analysed using a multivariate, distance-based, approach. Specifically, non-metric multidimensional scaling was used to examine seasonal and team (dis)similarity. After declining from 2009, shooting percentage, goal assists, centre pass receives, penalties and turnovers began to rise from 2011. Both penalties and turnovers declined from 2015, in addition to attempts at goal. The two-dimensional multivariate ordination plot showed relative similarity between each team and season over the observational period, suggesting stagnant game-play dynamics. Further, despite idiosyncratic seasonal profiles, teams generally followed similar directional progression across the ordination surface. Despite being observed in other team invasion sports, league-wide synchronous evolutionary tendencies were not observed within the ANZ Championships between the 2006 to 2016 seasons. However, certain teams did display seasonal fluctuation in their observed multivariate profile, with these seasonal idiosyncrasies being discussed relative to coaching and playing roster changes specific to the analysed team.  相似文献   

International education and the employability of UK students     

Rachel Brooks  Johanna Waters  Helena Pimlott‐Wilson 《British Educational Research Journal》2012,38(2):281-298

A common theme within the literature on higher education is the congested nature of the graduate labour market. Researchers have highlighted the lengths to which many students now go, in response to this congestion, to ‘distinguish themselves’ from other graduates: paying increased attention to university status; engaging in a range of extra‐curricular activities; and pursuing postgraduate qualifications. Studies that have focused on the strategies of Asian students, specifically, have pointed to the important place of studying abroad as a further strategy in this pursuit of distinction. Given that there is now some evidence that the number of UK students enrolling on a degree programme overseas is increasing, this article explores the extent to which an overseas education can be seen as part of a broader strategy on the part of British students to seek distinction within the labour market and whether such an education does indeed offer tangible employment benefits.  相似文献