Gender,Science, and Scientific Organizations in Germany     

Fuchs S  Stebut J  Allmendinger J 《Minerva》2001,39(2):175-201

This article considers the situation of women in science in Germany. We argue that scientific organizations play a crucial role in shaping science careers, often with different consequences for men and women. To sustain the argument, we offer a study of the careers of male and female scientists in the Max Planck Society. Our findings show that external support increases career options and opportunities for men, but not for women scientists.  相似文献   

Self-fulfilling prophecies in media-based learning: Content relevance moderates quality expectation effects on academic achievement     

Charlotte Haimerl  Stefan Fries 《Learning and Instruction》2010,20(6):498-510

In the present paper a model of self-fulfilling prophecy effects in media-based learning was developed and tested. The central model assumption was that information about an instructional medium's quality affects students' academic achievement depending on the instructional content's relevance to the student. Experiment 1 (N = 100) demonstrated higher achievement in response to positive compared to negative information, but not the predicted moderating effect of content relevance. Using a revised relevance manipulation, Experiment 2 (N = 199) identified the following moderating function of content relevance: Under moderate relevance positive information led to higher achievement, under high relevance negative information resulted in higher achievement. No differences appeared under low relevance. Path analyses revealed students' cognitive effort as significant mediator for these effects.  相似文献   

Humanoid robots in higher education: Evaluating the acceptance of Pepper in the context of an academic writing course using the UTAUT     

Josef Guggemos  Sabine Seufert  Stefan Sonderegger 《British journal of educational technology : journal of the Council for Educational Technology》2020,51(5):1864-1883

This study investigates the acceptance of social robots by higher education students in the social sciences. Pepper, a humanoid social robot from SoftBank Robotics, provided a sample of its capabilities during a first semester, large-scale, university course, “Introduction to academic writing.”From this course, 462 freshmen participated in our survey. The unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) acts as the conceptual framework, and partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) as the method for data analysis. The four perceived characteristics—trustworthiness, adaptiveness, social presence and appearance—all predict the intention to use the robot for learning purposes; anxiety regarding making mistakes in handling the robot and about privacy issues are not significant predictors. An importance-performance map analysis indicated adaptiveness as the robot’s most important characteristic for predicting student behavioural intention. Overall, however, the study shows that students do not have the intention to rely on social robots for learning purposes at the current level of state-of-the-art technology: behavioural intention reaches only 36.6% of the theoretical maximum.  相似文献   

Simulation and experimental determination of the online separation of blood components with the help of microfluidic cascading spirals     

Lisa Sprenger  Silvio Dutz  Thomas Schneider  Stefan Odenbach  Urs O. H?feli 《Biomicrofluidics》2015,9(4)

Microfluidic spirals were used to successfully separate rare solid components from unpretreated human whole blood samples. The measured separation ratio of the spirals is the factor by which the concentration of the rare component is increased due to the Dean effect present in a flow profile in a curved duct. Different rates of dilution of the blood samples with a phosphate-buffered solution were investigated. The diameters of the spherical particles to separate ranged from 2 μm to 18 μm. It was found that diluting the blood to 20% is optimal leading to a separation ratio up to 1.97. Using two spirals continuously placed in a row led to an increase in separation efficacy in samples consisting of phosphate-buffered solution only from 1.86 to 3.79. Numerical investigations were carried out to display the flow profiles of Newtonian water samples and the shear-thinning blood samples in the cross-section of the experimentally handled channels. A macroscopic difference in velocity between the two rheologically different fluids could not be found. The macroscopic Dean flow is equally present and useful to help particles migrate to certain equilibrium positions in blood as well as lower viscous Newtonian fluids. The investigations highlight the potential for using highly concentrated, very heterogeneous, and non-Newtonian fluidic systems in known microsystems for screening applications.  相似文献   

Topic-independent modeling of user knowledge in informational search sessions     

Yu  Ran  Tang  Rui  Rokicki  Markus  Gadiraju  Ujwal  Dietze  Stefan 《Information Retrieval》2021,24(3):240-268

Information Retrieval Journal - Web search is among the most frequent online activities. In this context, widespread informational queries entail user intentions to obtain knowledge with respect to...  相似文献   

The impact of graph symmetry on the number of driver nodes in complex networks     

Hossein Parastvand  Airlie Chapman  Octavian Bass  Stefan Lachowicz 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》2021,358(7):3919-3942

This study investigates on a strong correlation between complex network (CN) controllability (characterized by the number of required driver nodes) and graph symmetry (described by automorphism groups) in undirected and unweighted networks. Based on the properties of permutation products of elementary automorphisms, novel necessary conditions for CN controllability are presented which are computationally more effective than previous method. In addition, a novel index of symmetry is proposed upon which a more meaningful understanding of symmetry impact on CN controllability can be comprehended. Based on this new index, a modification strategy is suggested aiming to satisfy CN controllability with a lower number of driver nodes. The study shows that the proposed modification approach can result in a minimal set of driver nodes with a reasonable computational complexity. Further, the critical components of complex networks, in terms of their impact on the number of required driver nodes, are identified. The results of the proposed methodologies have been verified for several synthetic and real test systems including small, medium, and large power networks.  相似文献   

Introduction to special issue on the second international conference on the theory of information retrieval     

Leif Azzopardi  Dawei Song  Gabriella Kazai  Stephen Robertson  Stefan Rüger  Milad Shokouhi  Emine Yilmaz 《Information Retrieval》2011,14(1):1-4

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Manfred Broy und Stefan J?hnichen 《Informatik - Forschung und Entwicklung》1997,12(3):157-160

Zusammenfassung. Von Februar 1990 bis Juni 1994 arbeiteten 15 Partner im Bmft-Verbundprojekt Korso an der Weiterentwicklung und Umsetzung formaler Software-Entwicklungsmethoden. Dieser Artikel gibt einen überblick über die Ziele und die wesentlichen Ergebnisse des Projekts.  相似文献   

Explaining Constraint Interaction: How to Interpret Estimated Model Parameters Under Alternative Scaling Methods     

Stefan Klößner 《Structural equation modeling》2019,26(1):143-155

In this paper, we explain the reasons behind constraint interaction, which is the phenomenon that the results of testing equality constraints may depend heavily on the scaling method used. We find that the scaling methods interfere with the testing procedures because scaling methods determine which transformations of population quantities model parameters actually estimate. We therefore also develop rules on how to correctly interpret estimates of model parameters under alternative scaling methods.  相似文献   

Procedure and reliability of conditioned respiratory suppression     

S. Stefan Soltysik  Nancy K. Dess  W. Jeffrey Wilson  John A. Matochik  Steve Berg 《Learning & behavior》1988,16(2):177-184

Changes in respiration amplitude, respiration rate, and heart rate in response to a conditioned signal for shock were measured concurrently in kittens and adult cats. The data were analyzed with respect to qualitative and quantitative variability across trials and subjects; correlation among measures; skewness; and kurtosis. Suppression of respiration amplitude was the most reliable response across trials and subjects, with increases in respiration rate second and heart rate by far the least reliable. Correlations between each pair of measures were moderate. Respiration-amplitude responses were negatively skewed, but this deviation from normality was moderate and consistent across subjects. The measurement of conditioned respiratory suppression is a viable addition or alternative to the conditioned emotional response procedure in studies of classically conditioned fear.  相似文献