Programming Pluralism: Using Learning Analytics to Detect Patterns in the Learning of Computer Programming     

Paulo Blikstein  Marcelo Worsley  Chris Piech  Mehran Sahami  Steven Cooper  Daphne Koller 《学习科学杂志》2013,22(4):561-599

New high-frequency, automated data collection and analysis algorithms could offer new insights into complex learning processes, especially for tasks in which students have opportunities to generate unique open-ended artifacts such as computer programs. These approaches should be particularly useful because the need for scalable project-based and student-centered learning is growing considerably. In this article, we present studies focused on how students learn computer programming, based on data drawn from 154,000 code snapshots of computer programs under development by approximately 370 students enrolled in an introductory undergraduate programming course. We use methods from machine learning to discover patterns in the data and try to predict final exam grades. We begin with a set of exploratory experiments that use fully automated techniques to investigate how much students change their programming behavior throughout all assignments in the course. The results show that students’ change in programming patterns is only weakly predictive of course performance. We subsequently hone in on 1 single assignment, trying to map students’ learning process and trajectories and automatically identify productive and unproductive (sink) states within these trajectories. Results show that our process-based metric has better predictive power for final exams than the midterm grades. We conclude with recommendations about the use of such methods for assessment, real-time feedback, and course improvement.  相似文献   

Part-time faculty status and student evaluation of teaching: An analysis of criminal justice classes     

Steven Stack 《Journal of Criminal Justice Education》2013,24(2):251-265

Although part-time (p/t) faculties constitute a growing proportion of college instructors, there is little work on their level of teaching effectiveness relative to full-time (f/t) faculty. Previous work on a key indicator of perceived teaching effectiveness, student evaluation of teaching (SET), and faculty status (p/t/ vs f/t) is marked by a series of shortcomings including lack of a systematic theoretical framework and lack of multivariate statistical analysis techniques to check for possible spuriousness. The present study corrects for these shortcomings. Data consist of SETs from 175 sections of criminal justice classes taught at a Midwestern urban university. Controls are introduced for variables drawn from the literature and include ascribed characteristics of the professor, grade distribution, and structural features of the course (e.g., level, size). The results of a multivariate regression analysis indicate that even after controlling for the other predictors of SETs, p/t faculty receive significantly higher student evaluation scores than f/t faculty. Further, faculty status was the most important predictor of SETs. The results present the first systematic evidence on faculty status and SETs.  相似文献   

Global Learning Communities: A Comparison of Online Domestic and International Science Class Partnerships     

Steven C. Kerlin  William S. Carlsen  Gregory J. Kelly  Elizabeth Goehring 《Journal of Science Education and Technology》2013,22(4):475-487

The conception of Global Learning Communities (GLCs) was researched to discover potential benefits of the use of online technologies that facilitated communication and scientific data sharing outside of the normal classroom setting. 1,419 students in 635 student groups began the instructional unit. Students represented the classrooms of 33 teachers from the USA, 6 from Thailand, 7 from Australia, and 4 from Germany. Data from an international environmental education project were analyzed to describe grades 7–9 student scientific writing in domestic US versus international–US classroom online partnerships. The development of an argument analytic and a research model of exploratory data analysis followed by statistical testing were used to discover and highlight different ways students used evidence to support their scientific claims about temperature variation at school sites and deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Findings show modest gains in the use of some evidentiary discourse components by US students in international online class partnerships compared to their US counterparts in domestic US partnerships. The analytic, research model, and online collaborative learning tools may be used in other large-scale studies and learning communities. Results provide insights about the benefits of using online technologies and promote the establishment of GLCs.  相似文献   

OFF‐CAMPUS CREDIT PROGRAMS IN TWO‐YEAR COLLEGES: A BROAD VIEW ACROSS ALL 50 STATES     

Steven W. Jones  Annette E. Greenland 《Community College Journal of Research & Practice》2013,37(1):65-70

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Introduction to Volume 15: The Editor's State of Mind     

Steven Gelb 《Review of Education, Pedagogy & Cultural Studies》2013,35(1)

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Physical and Physiological Characteristics of Elite Volleyball Players     

Jacqueline Puhl  Samuel Case  Steven Fleck  Peter Van Handel 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(3):257-262

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to characterize the body fat, maximum aerobic power and maximum anaerobic power of elite junior wrestlers. The study was conducted in conjunction with an elite wrestler training camp. Wrestlers (n = 39) from ages 14 to 18 qualified for the camp and volunteered as subjects. Measurements were made for body composition (skinfold thickness), maximal aerobic power (treadmill run), and maximal anaerobic power of the arms and legs (Wingate test). Body fat averaged (±SD) 7.2% (±2.4), whereas the means (±SD) for maximal aerobic power, arm power, and leg power were 51.2(±9.3) ml/kg min^-1, 390.7 (±92) watts, and 549.1 ± 101 watts, respectively. Elite junior wrestlers appear to have a similar percentage of body fat, lower maximum aerobic power and higher relative anaerobic power compared to elite collegiate and senior wrestlers.  相似文献   

Game location and aggression in rugby league     

Marc V Jones  Steven R Bray  Stephen Olivier 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(4):387-393

The present study examined the relationship between aggression and game location in rugby league. We videotaped a random sample of 21 professional rugby league games played in the 2000 Super League season. Trained observers recorded the frequency of aggressive behaviours. Consistent with previous research, which used territoriality theories as a basis for prediction, we hypothesized that the home team would behave more aggressively than the away team. The results showed no significant difference in the frequency of aggressive behaviours exhibited by the home and away teams. However, the away teams engaged in substantially more aggressive behaviours in games they lost compared with games they won. No significant differences in the pattern of aggressive behaviours for home and away teams emerged as a function of game time (i.e. first or second half) or game situation (i.e. when teams were winning, losing or drawing). The findings suggest that while home and away teams do not display different levels of aggression, the cost of behaving aggressively (in terms of game outcome) may be greater for the away team.  相似文献   

Extending the Theory of Planned Behavior in the Exercise Domain: A Comparison of Social Support and Subjective Norm     

Steven N. Blair PED  Jon C. Connelly 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(2):193-205

Abstract

A sedentary and unfit way of life leads to increased risk for several chronic diseases and premature mortality. Sedentary and unfit individuals are also more likely to develop functional limitations as they age. The precise type, amount, and intensity of physical activity required for protection needs further investigation. Traditional exercise recommendations suggest a threshold of activity that necessary for protection, although current evidence does not support a dichotomous view of this issue. Clinical and epidemiological studies show a continuous dose-response gradient of outcome variables across a wide range of activity or fitness levels. Moderate amounts and intensities of physical activity are associated with improved health and reduced risk of morbidity and mortality when compared with low activity or fitness. The major public health emphasis for physical activity recommendations and programming should be to encourage the most sedentary and unfit 20 to 25 % of the population to become at least moderately active, and this can yield substantial benefits for the population.  相似文献   

Leisure Time Physical Activity and Job Performance     

Steven N. Blair  Aaron Blair  Henry G. Howe  Russell Pate  Morton Rosenberg  Gwynne M. Parker 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(4):718-723

In this study, the dual-task paradigm was used to determine peak attentional demand during the free-throw process. Thirty participants completed 40 free-throw trials. The free throw was the primary task, but participants also verbally responded to a tone administered at one of four probe positions (PP). Repeated measures analysis of variance showed no significant difference in free-throw performance across PPs, indicating participants were able to keep the free throw as the primary task. Repeated measures analysis of response time (RT) showed significant differences, with RT at PP1 (preshot routine) and PP2 (first upward motion of the ball) significantly higher than baseline RT. These results suggest that PP1 requires the greatest attentional demand, followed by PP2.  相似文献   

The Learning Advantages of an External Focus of Attention in Golf     

Steven N. Blair 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(2):120-123

Abstract

Two unique methodological strategies were used to investigate the influence of retroactive inhibition on recall within a contextual interference paradigm. Three independent blocked groups, blocked without retroactive inhibition (BL-without), blocked with 18 trials of retroactive inhibition (BL-18), and blocked with 36 trials of retroactive inhibition (BL-36), were created that varied in order of presentation of tasks. By testing a single task in retention and creating three independent blocked groups, varying amounts of retroactive inhibition were produced. This isolated the effects of retroactive inhibition on blocked compared to control and random subjects' retention. The Acquisition Group x Retention Trials interaction indicated that random and BL-without subjects had shorter reaction time than BL-18 and BL-36 subjects. Thus, blocked subjects with retroactive inhibition exhibited a retention deficit compared to BL-without subjects. The results support previous contextual interference findings and suggest that retroactive inhibition influences the retention deficits demonstrated by blocked compared to random subjects in typical contextual interference investigations.  相似文献