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大学和学院组织模型:历史演化的视角 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
马文·彼得森 《北京大学教育评论》2007,5(1):109-137
在过去五六十年里,高等教育研究者提出了多种高等教育组织模型,用它们来理解和解释美国大学和学院的组织行为。本文通过建立一个概念框架,试图解释它们的建立和发展过程。在概念框架中,“变化着的环境条件”是第一驱动力,它形成了“学校管理挑战”,影响和改变了“我们對对主要行业的概念”,从而通过它们间接地影响着大学和学院的运行机制。研究者提出的各种大学和学院组织模型就是从不同的侧面反映环境对组织的影响。 相似文献
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An experiment with 72 three-year-olds investigated whether encoding events while seeing iconic gestures boosts children's memory representation of these events. The events, shown in videos of actors moving in an unusual manner, were presented with either iconic gestures depicting how the actors performed these actions, interactive gestures, or no gesture. In a recognition memory task, children in the iconic gesture condition remembered actors and actions better than children in the control conditions. Iconic gestures were categorized based on how much of the actors was represented by the hands (feet, legs, or body). Only iconic hand-as-body gestures boosted actor memory. Thus, seeing iconic gestures while encoding events facilitates children's memory of those aspects of events that are schematically highlighted by gesture. 相似文献
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Abstract This article examines the views on effective teacher education programs held by 10 teachers who were identified by senior administrators within their school districts as exemplary teachers. The findings reveal many consistencies between the beliefs inherent within five models of teacher learning that predominate in literature on teacher education programs and those held by practicing teachers. The one major difference is that teachers in this study emphasize the transmission of a widely accepted body of pedagogical knowledge and skills to a greater degree than do researchers. This set of common belief provides a strong foundation for building collaborative relationships through which both cultures might work together to develop a shared vision. Transformation of teaching and teacher education practice requires a willingness to consider values and perspectives that might differ from those accepted within either culture and an openness to change on the part of both cultures. 相似文献
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A. D. C. Peterson 《牛津教育评论》2013,39(2):127-137
Abstract Since the publication of the Crowther Report in 1959 there have been seven major proposals for reducing the degree of specialisation in England and Wales and postponing its onset. This article examines the history and nature of these proposals and the reasons for their failure. Its main contentions are that the historical opposition to any central or local control of the school curriculum has made it very difficult to determine what actually was happening in the schools or what external forces controlled the pattern of studies: and that in the absence of any authority controlling the pattern of the curriculum, it was almost impossible that any proposals for change would be implemented. 相似文献
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The purpose of the present study was to characterise the relationship between relative versus absolute internal and external loads in collegiate basketball players throughout the course of a season. Five Division I basketball players wore triaxial accelerometers throughout the 2015–2016 season and were tensiomyographically assessed weekly. One-way repeated-measure analysis of variance (RM ANOVA) with least-significant-difference (LSD) pairwise comparisons was used to determine which absolute weekly loads were different across the season. Cohen’s d was used to supplement the determination of meaningful relative load changes. Overall RM ANOVA models suggest absolute external load differences occurred (PlayerLoad? F = 17.63; IMA? F = 31.63). Two-way RM ANOVA models revealed main effect differences were revealed between muscle groups for Tc (F = 9.11) and Dm (F = 3.25). Meaningful relative load changes between weeks were observed for both external and internal. The present study observed that tensiomyography utilised as a tool to monitor internal load may be more suitable for detecting fatigue from relative external load changes versus absolute load attained. Limiting weekly training volume changes to ≤10% may maintain appropriate adaptation. Mediolateral plane IMA? and adductor longus muscle group may be pertinent metrics when monitoring female collegiate basketball athletes. 相似文献
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Peterson Zah 《Equity & Excellence in Education》2013,46(1-6):227-228