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We study the interaction between supply- and demand-side factors and its effect on innovation. Employing a quasi-natural experiment, we show that a shift in demand has an impact on innovation and this effect is conditional on an enabling supply-side environment. Specifically, we exploit a shift in product demand generated by Medicare approvals for reimbursement coverage of medical devices. Using a triple-difference approach, we find that innovation is significantly greater for medical device firms that experience a positive shock to demand due to the Medicare approvals when the firms are exposed to a more favorable supply-side environment. The highest level of innovation is accomplished when all three of our supply-side factors: venture capital (industry), universities (academia), and National Institutes of Health grants (government) are concentrated in one place. These findings show that (i) a positive interaction between supply- and demand-side factors fosters innovation, and (ii) the trilateral intersection of industry, academia, and government creates the highest level of innovation. 相似文献
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Changing academies: exploring international PhD students' perspectives on ‘host’ and ‘home’ universities 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Anna Robinson‐Pant 《高等教育研究与发展》2009,28(4):417-429
As students move between universities on different continents, they are expected to adjust rapidly to the academic and cultural practices of their host university. Many of these students are higher educational professionals in their home country and on their return home they are faced with the challenge of how to fit back into – or whether to make changes in – their institution's established academic practices. I explored international PhD students' understanding of, and responses to, the perceived differences between academic cultures of host (UK) and home universities. Whereas some students regarded the changes made in how they conducted and wrote up educational research as temporary and strategic in order to pass the PhD course, others saw themselves as change agents. They were keen to transform academic practices once they returned home and were already actively working out politically and practically how to go about this. By reflecting on how educational research practices are changing and being influenced by the movement of academics between countries, I suggest how UK university departments can respond positively to the differing research practices in which international students engage in their home institutional contexts. 相似文献
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Anabel Bach Sebastian Wurster Dr. Katja Thillmann Prof. Dr. Hans Anand Pant Prof. Dr. Felicitas Thiel 《Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft》2014,17(1):61-84
The introduction of comparative tests in a low-stakes system was carried out in the expectation that the data feedback to schools would act as a stimulus for the development of the schools and the standard of classroom teaching. By contrast with the use of data to develop teaching, the use of data for personnel development has not yet been studied in Germany. On the basis of an on-line survey of head teachers and a paper-and-pencil survey of teaching staff, the study examines for the first time the extent to which comparative test data is used by head teachers for personnel development and as a means to plan in-service training in subject conferences, and what factors influence whether the data is used in this way. Of the head teacher characteristics which were studied (attitude in relation to the perceived usefulness of the data, qualifications, organisation and age of the head teacher), usefulness is the only characteristic which has a positive effect on the use of the data. The use of comparative test data to plan in-service training in subject conferences is positively influenced by data-wise leadership by the head teacher and by collaborative evaluation. 相似文献
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Balkrishna E. Narkhede Rakesh D. Raut Bhushan T. Patil Subhash K. Mahajan 《Performance Improvement》2013,52(9):24-32
The importance of integrated information systems in large firms is widely accepted by academicians and practitioners. The need for information systems adoption has been proved beyond a doubt for large firms. Small and medium‐sized enterprises can also improve their performance by implementing modern information systems. This case study analyzes the benefits of information systems implementation by comparatively highlighting the performance of three small and medium‐sized enterprises with varied extent and nature of information systems in them. 相似文献
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Faculty homepage discovery is an important step toward building an academic portal. Although the general homepage finding
tasks have been well studied (e.g., TREC-2001 Web Track), faculty homepage discovery has its own special characteristics and
not much focused research has been conducted for this task. In this paper, we view faculty homepage discovery as text categorization
problems by utilizing Yahoo BOSS API to generate a small list of high-quality candidate homepages. Because the labels of these
pages are not independent, standard text categorization methods such as logistic regression, which classify each page separately,
are not well suited for this task. By defining homepage dependence graph, we propose a conditional undirected graphical model
to make joint predictions by capturing the dependence of the decisions on all the candidate pages. Three cases of dependencies
among faculty candidate homepages are considered for constructing the graphical model. Our model utilizes a discriminative
approach so that any informative features can be used conveniently. Learning and inference can be done relatively efficiently
for the joint prediction model because the homepage dependence graphs resulting from the three cases of dependencies are not
densely connected. An extensive set of experiments have been conducted on two testbeds to show the effectiveness of the proposed
discriminative graphical model. 相似文献
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Hans A. Pant André A. Rupp Simon P. Tiffin-Richards Olaf Köller 《Studies in Educational Evaluation》2009,35(2-3):95-101
Standard-setting procedures are a key component within many large-scale educational assessment systems. They are consensual approaches in which committees of experts set cut-scores on continuous proficiency scales, which facilitate communication of proficiency distributions of students to a wide variety of stakeholders. This communicative function makes standard-setting studies a key gateway for validity concerns at the intersection of evidentiary and consequential aspects of score interpretations. This short review paper describes the conceptual and empirical basis of validity arguments for standard-setting procedures in light of recent research on validity theory. It specifically demonstrates how procedural and internal evidence for the validity of standard-setting procedures can be collected to form part of the consequential basis of validity evidence for test use. 相似文献
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