Scientific discovery and topological transitions in collaboration networks     

Luís M.A. Bettencourt  David I. Kaiser  Jasleen Kaur 《Journal of Informetrics》2009,3(3):210-221

We analyze the advent and development of eight scientific fields from their inception to maturity and map the evolution of their networks of collaboration over time, measured in terms of co-authorship of scientific papers. We show that as a field develops it undergoes a topological transition in its collaboration structure between a small disconnected graph to a much larger network where a giant connected component of collaboration appears. As a result, the number of edges and nodes in the largest component undergoes a transition between a small fraction of the total to a majority of all occurrences. These results relate to many qualitative observations of the evolution of technology and discussions of the “structure of scientific revolutions”. We analyze this qualitative change in network topology in terms of several quantitative graph theoretical measures, such as density, diameter, and relative size of the network's largest component.To analyze examples of scientific discovery we built databases of scientific publications based on keyword and citation searches, for eight fields, spanning experimental and theoretical science, across areas as diverse as physics, biomedical sciences, and materials science. Each of the databases was vetted by field experts and is the result of a bibliometric search constructed to maximize coverage, while minimizing the occurrence of spurious records. In this way we built databases of publications and authors for superstring theory, cosmic strings and other topological defects, cosmological inflation, carbon nanotubes, quantum computing and computation, prions and scrapie, and H5N1 influenza. We also built a database for a classical example of “pathological” science, namely cold fusion. All these fields also vary in size and in their temporal patterns of development, with some showing explosive growth from an original identifiable discovery (e.g. carbon nanotubes) while others are characterized by a slow process of development (e.g. quantum computers and computation).We show that regardless of the detailed nature of their developmental paths, the process of scientific discovery and the rearrangement of the collaboration structure of emergent fields is characterized by a number of universal features, suggesting that the process of discovery and initial formation of a scientific field, characterized by the moments of discovery, invention and subsequent transition into “normal science” may be understood in general terms, as a process of cognitive and social unification out of many initially separate efforts. Pathological fields, seemingly, never undergo this transition, despite hundreds of publications and the involvement of many authors.  相似文献   

Changing state–university relations: the experiences of Japan and lessons for Malaysia     

Morshidi Sirat  Sarjit Kaur 《比较教育学》2010,46(2):189-205

This article investigates the changing state–university relations in Japan and Malaysia. Its main objective is to identify and examine possible lessons for Malaysia, based on the Japanese experience. Notably, since the late 1970s, Malaysia has been looking towards Japan as a model for socio‐economic development (the ‘look‐east’ Policy) and this article was written with the same underlying thrust. Of particular interest in this article is the Japanese experience with the Incorporation of National Universities in 2004. Malaysia has corporatised all state‐controlled universities since 1998 but has stopped short of implementing the kind of institutional autonomy, which resulted in precarious state–university relations in Japan. Based on the situation in Japan with regard to incorporation of national universities, what steps should Malaysia take in order to develop a higher education system and higher education institutions that are comparable to that of matured higher education systems?  相似文献   

Can High Titres of Anti Tissue Transglutaminase Antibodies Reduce the Need for Intestinal Biopsy for Diagnosis of Celiac Disease?     

Ekta Bansal  Navpreet Kaur  Naveen Mittal 《Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB》2018,33(4):456-460

Traditionally small intestinal biopsy has been considered a gold standard for the diagnosis of celiac disease (CD). But now data has shown that serological markers like anti-tissue-transglutaminase antibodies (tTGA) can be used to make the diagnosis with great sensitivity and specificity. The objective of the present study was to evaluate whether patients with high probability of CD and high titre of tTGA, have a high probability of intestinal damage and may not require biopsy for final diagnosis. All the cases with tTGA levels ≥15 IU/ml and who subsequently underwent biopsy from July 2010 to June 2013 were selected. Histopathological findings graded as per Marsh classification were correlated with serum tTGA levels. Grade 3 lesions were considered diagnostic for the disease. Out of total 731 patients 470 had serum tTGA levels >100 IU/ml and 261 patients had <100 IU/ml. Highest levels of tTGA (219.3 IU/ml) were seen in grade 3c which was >12 times the normal cutoff value. Mean serum tTGA in higher histological grade i.e. 3 (3a, 3b, 3c) was 186.7 IU/ml (>12 times the normal cut off value) as compared to grade 1 which was 108.9 IU/ml (>7 times the normal cut off value). Using a tTGA cutoff value of 70 IU/ml, sensitivity was found to be 83.9% while specificity was 56.10% with an overall accuracy of 77.7%. This study confirms that a small intestinal biopsy is not always necessary for the diagnosis of CD in symptomatic patients with high tTGA levels (>70 IU/ml).  相似文献   

Exploration of Circulating Tumour Cell (CTC) Biology: A Paradigm Shift in Liquid Biopsy     

Anshika Chauhan  Rajandeep Kaur  Sushmita Ghoshal  Arnab Pal 《Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB》2021,36(2):131

  相似文献   

Recent dissertation research in gifted studies     

Inderbir Kaur  Henry James Ogston Milne  Marion Rogalla 《Roeper Review》2013,35(3)

  相似文献   

Inclusive assessment for linguistically diverse learners in higher education     

Amrita Kaur  Mohammad Noman  Hasniza Nordin 《Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education》2017,42(5):756-771

As classrooms become increasingly diverse in higher education, educators are emphasising inclusive practices in teaching and learning to accommodate the needs of diverse learners. There is also an emerging need for an inclusive approach in assessment for accessibility, opportunity, relevance and engagement. This study, using design-based research guidelines with student–faculty partnership, designed, developed, implemented and evaluated contextually sensitive assessment protocol as inclusive and fair assessment. Data from students’ reflections and face-to-face interviews with open-ended questions suggested that, despite concerns such as potential bias, time and accommodation challenges, such assessment practices can make valuable contributions in creating a positive learning environment, improving relatedness and self-esteem and motivating and engaging students for better effort and effective learning. Implications for higher education practitioners with diverse learners are discussed.  相似文献   

Effect of Hot Water Blanching Time and Drying Temperature on the Thin Layer Drying Kinetics of and Anthocyanin Degradation in Black Carrot (Daucus carota L.) Shreds     

Umar Garba  Sawinder Kaur  Sushma Gurumayum  Prasad Rasane 《Food Technology and Biotechnology》2015,53(3):324-330

  相似文献   

Demonstration of a new biosensing concept for immunodiagnostic applications based on change in surface conductance of antibodies after biomolecular interactions     

Vashist SK  Kaur I  Bajpai RP  Bharadwaj LM  Tewari R  Raiteri R 《Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B》2006,7(9):683-685

We report an important observation that the surface conductivity of antibody layer immobilized on polylysine-coated glass substrate decreases upon the formation of complex with their specific antigens. This change in conductivity has been observed for both monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. The conductance of monoclonal mouse IgG immobilized on polylysine-coated glass substrate changed from 1.02×10⁻⁸ Ω⁻¹ to 1.41×10⁻¹¹ Ω⁻¹ at 10 V when complex is formed due to the specific biomolecular interactions with rabbit anti-mouse IgG F(ab′)₂. Similar behavior was observed when the same set up was tested in two clinical assays: (1) anti-Leishmania antigen polyclonal antibodies taken from Kala Azar positive patient serum interacting with Leishmania promastigote antigen, and (2) anti-p21 polyclonal antibodies interacting with p21 antigen. The proposed concept can represent a new immunodiagnostic technique and may have wide ranging applications in biosensors and nanobiotechnology too.  相似文献   

To Establish the Reference Intervals of Lipid Profile in Punjab     

Vaneet Kaur  Minni Verma  Amandeep Kaur  Shalini Gupta  Kamaljit Singh 《Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB》2012,27(3):290-295

Overnight fasting samples of 1,031 apparently healthy people of Punjab visiting the hospital over a period of 3 years were tested for serum lipid profile. The mean ± SD of serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol in mg/dl were 182.2 ± 33.9, 122.4 ± 33.4, 44.1 ± 6.8, 113.9 ± 32.0, 24.6 ± 7.1 respectively. When these subjects were grouped according to age and sex, no appreciable difference was observed between most of the groups. Serum triglycerides were found to be low and HDL-C was high in females when compared with males of similar age and vice versa. With advancing age, total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were found to be higher in women. The present study suggests that the obtained lipid values should be taken into consideration during clinical evaluation.  相似文献   

Correction to: “Silent Hypoxemia” Leads to Vicious Cycle of Infection,Coagulopathy and Cytokine Storm in COVID-19: Can Prophylactic Oxygen Therapy Prevent It?     

Anshika Chauhan  Rajandeep Kaur  Prantar Chakrabarti  Arnab Pal 《Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB》2021,36(4):500

  相似文献