On estimating a knowledge production function at the firm and sector level using patent statistics   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Shyama V. Ramani  Mhamed-Ali El-Aroui 《Research Policy》2008,37(9):1568-1578

This paper proposes a definition of the knowledge base of an agent using only patent statistics. It then develops a model of a knowledge production function that can be estimated at the firm level and the sector level using the knowledge base matrix. It identifies the impact of own knowledge base, absorptive capacity to exploit intersectoral spillovers, and absorptive capacity to exploit intrasectoral spillovers, on new technology generation. It permits a study of the dynamics of knowledge generation without having to resort to additional information on the R&D activities of firms. Finally, the paper illustrates the method with the case study of new biotechnology-based knowledge creation by firms in the foods sector.  相似文献   

Examining Middle School Students’ Engineering Design Processes in a Design Workshop     

Zhou  Ninger  Pereira  Nielsen  Chandrasegaran  Senthil  George  Tarun Thomas  Booth  Joran  Ramani  Karthik 《Research in Science Education》2019,51(2):617-646

Design thinking has an important role in STEM education. However, there has been limited research on how students engage in various modalities throughout the design process in hands-on design tasks. To promote middle school students’ engineering literacy, it is necessary to examine the use of design modalities during design. Using a case study approach, we examine middle school students’ design stages and modalities during design activities. We also identify the patterns of design processes in the teams with different design outcomes. Drawing on theories in design thinking and embodied interaction, we proposed a framework and devised a video analysis protocol to examine students’ design stages and modalities. Middle school students attending a design workshop engaged in two design activities in teams of 3–4 people. The design sessions were video recorded and analyzed using the video analysis protocol. The teams engaged in the stages of planning, building, and testing, while employing the verbal, the visual, and the physical modalities. The teams that varied in design outcomes exhibited different patterns in the use of multiple modalities during the design stages. This study contributes to research on design thinking by proposing a framework for analyzing middle school students’ multimodal design processes and presenting data visualization methods to identify patterns in design stages and modalities. The findings suggest the necessity to examine students’ use of design modalities in the context of design stages and imply the potential benefits of using multiple modalities during design. The implications for future research and education practices are also discussed.

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Benefits of Playing Numerical Card Games on Head Start Children’s Mathematical Skills     

Nicole R. Scalise  Emily N. Daubert  Geetha B. Ramani 《Journal of Experimental Education》2020,88(2):200-220

Abstract

Low-income preschoolers have lower average performance on measures of early numerical skills than middle-income children. The present study examined the effectiveness of numerical card games in improving children’s numerical and executive functioning skills. Low-income preschoolers (N?=?76) were randomly assigned to play a numerical magnitude comparison card game, a numerical memory and matching card game, or a shape and color matching card game across four 15-minute sessions. Children who played either of the numerical games improved their numeral identification skills, while only children who played the numerical magnitude comparison game improved their symbolic magnitude comparison skills. These improvements were maintained eight weeks later. The results suggest that a brief, low-cost intervention can successfully improve the numerical skills of low-income children.  相似文献   

Veda: an on-line generative testing system     

K. S. R. Anjaneyulu  R. Chandrasekar  S. Ramani 《Education and Information Technologies》1997,2(3):219-234

Veda is a generative testing system that supports the design and administration of tests, on-line and off-line. Veda provides tools for test designers to create question generators. Veda authenticates the candidate's identity, administers a test, evaluates the candidate's answers and keeps a record of the candidate's scores. The system also provides facilities for item analysis. There are provisions for computing statistical indices for individual questions, based on data from tests administered. These indices can be used for item evaluation and improvement. An interesting feature of Veda's design is the security features built into it. Cryptographic techniques have been used to create a system offering a high degree of protection against leakage, theft or unauthorized modification. Veda was developed using the programming language C, under the UNIX operating system, and is in heavy use  相似文献