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21.
Godin B 《Social studies of science》2007,37(5):691-728
In 1906, James McKeen Cattell, editor of Science, published a directory of men of science. American Men of Science was a collection of biographical sketches of thousands of men of science in the USA and was published periodically. It launched, and was used in, the very first systematic quantitative studies on science. Cattell used two concepts for his statistics: productivity, defined as the number of men of science a nation produces, and performance or merit, defined as scientific contributions to research as judged by peers. These are the two dimensions that still define measurement of scientific productivity today: quantity and quality. This paper analyzes the emergence of statistics on science and the very first uses to which they were put. It argues that the measurement of science emerged out of interest in great men, heredity and eugenics, and the contribution of eminent men to civilization. Among these eminent men were men of science, the population of whom was thought to be in decline and insufficiently appreciated and supported. Statistics on men of science thus came to be collected to document the case, and to contribute to the advancement of science and the scientific profession. 相似文献
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Sadallah Madjid Encelle Benoît Maredj Azze-Eddine Prié Yannick 《Educational technology research and development : ETR & D》2020,68(6):3165-3186
Educational technology research and development - Providing high-quality courses is of utmost importance to drive successful learning. This compels course authors to continuously review their... 相似文献
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An unresolved issue in the coping literature concerns the traitlike versus statelike nature of coping utilization. The aim of this study was to illustrate the benefits of moving beyond the sole reliance on mean-level and rank-order analyses in order to identify heterogeneous patterns of longitudinal stability and change in coping utilization. More specifically, this study hypothesized that not all athletes would change their coping across competitions, nor do all "changers" change in a similar manner. Male soccer players (N = 107) completed a self-reported coping measure after three competitions held over a 6-month period. Results of latent class growth modeling showed three distinct trajectories for each coping dimension (i.e., task, distraction, and disengagement coping), not only indicating linear or quadratic change, but also stability in longitudinal coping utilization. These results highlight the need to account for the multinomial heterogeneity in longitudinal coping utilization and to identify the correlates associated with distinct trajectories of change and stability of coping across competitions. 相似文献
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Benoît Godin 《Minerva》2008,46(3):343-360
J. Schumpeter is a key figure, even a seminal one, on technological innovation. Most economists who study technological innovation refer to Schumpeter and his pioneering role in introducing innovation into economic studies. However, despite having brought forth the concept of innovation in economic theory, Schumpeter provided few if any analyses of the process of innovation itself. This paper suggests that the origin of systematic studies on technological innovation owes its existence to the economist W. Rupert Maclaurin from MIT. In the 1940s and 1950s, Maclaurin developed Schumpeter’s ideas, analyzing technological innovation as a process composed of several stages or steps, and proposed a theory of technological innovation, later called the linear model of innovation. The paper also argues that Maclaurin constructed one of the first taxonomies for measuring technological innovation. 相似文献
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European Journal of Psychology of Education - This longitudinal study assessed the relative importance of second language exposure, motivational and attitudinal factors, and executive functions in... 相似文献
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Beno Boeha 《Research in Science Education》1988,18(1):298-309
Summary Twenty-two NHS students were interviewed about four situations previously used elsewhere (Osborne, 1980a, Osborne and Gilbert,
1979, 1980) and the results of students' beliefs have been presented and discussed above. 相似文献
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An integrative model of scholastic judgments: Pupils’ characteristics, class context, halo effect and internal attributions 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Benoît Dompnier Pascal Pansu Pascal Bressoux 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》2006,21(2):119-133
This article proposes a model that integrates some of the determinants of scholastic judgment. The model is based on the assumption
that a teacher’s judgment in a particular discipline is influenced by different variables: the pupil’s actual performance
in the discipline, his/her actual performance in other disciplines (halo effect), the average performance of the class in
the discipline (class context effect), the pupil’s individual characteristics such as whether he/she has ever repeated a grade
and the teacher’s perception of the pupils’ causal explanations. Furthermore, the model proposes that a teacher’s perceptions
are related to the pupil’s spontaneous expression of causality, which in turn is influenced by the pupil’s knowledge of the
social value of causal explanations. In order to test the validity of the proposed model, the authors conducted a study in
a real classroom setting on a population of 663 pupils from 38 classes (3rd grade) and their respective teachers. Path analyses
showed that the theoretical model fit the data to a satisfactory extent. However, a comparison of the fit indexes of the theoretical
model and two alternative models (one nonhierarchical and one hierarchical) showed that the initial theoretical model could
be significantly improved by additional paths. 相似文献
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Mickaël Campo Stéphane Champely Benoît Louvet Elisabeth Rosnet Claude Ferrand Janet V. T. Pauketat 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2019,90(1):54-63
Purpose: In team sports, players have to manage personal interests and group goals, emphasizing intricacies between personal and social identities. The focus of this article was to examine the effect of identity mechanisms on appraisal processes, based on the following research question: Does the level of self-abstraction (low [personal identity] versus high [social identity]) lead to group-based emotions and influence performances? Method: An experimental design was used in which the level of self-abstraction was manipulated through the induction of a self- versus a team-oriented goal. Thirty elite male rugby players (Mage = 19.06, SD = 0.78, randomly split) participated in a match reproducing conditions similar to those of official games. Individual and perceived team-level emotions and performance were measured 17 times during the match. Results: Linear Mixed Effects models showed that a high level of self-abstraction: (a) led to more positive and less negative individual (variances explained: 52% and 46%) and perceived team-referent (variances explained: 57% and 40%) emotions; (b) reduced the correlation of team-referent emotions with individual ones; and (c) positively influenced team and individual performances (variances explained: 50% and 19%). Moreover, after controlling for potential effects of the level of self-abstraction, only positive team-referent emotions influenced performance. Conclusions: This study is the first to experimentally manipulate athletes’ social identity to examine group-based emotions in sport. Challenging the usual intrapersonal approaches, these findings suggested that social identity and its association with team-referent emotions could be one of the key dimensions of emotion-performance relationships in team sports. 相似文献
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Benoît Godin 《Minerva》2010,48(3):277-307
The history of innovation as a category is dominated by economists and by the contribution of J. A. Schumpeter. This paper
documents the contribution of a neglected but influential author, the American sociologist William F. Ogburn. Over a period
of more than 30 years, Ogburn developed pioneering ideas on three dimensions of technological innovation: origins, diffusion,
and effects. He also developed the first conceptual framework for innovation studies—based on the concept of cultural lags—which
led to studying and forecasting the impacts of technological innovation on society. All in all, Ogburn has been as important
to the sociology of technology as Robert K. Merton has been to the sociology of science and Schumpeter to the economics of
technological innovation. 相似文献