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751.
Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether combining two mental preparation strategies would be more effective in enhancing performances than a single strategy. Subjects (n = 40) practiced on a basketball free throw task (20 shots) using one of the following mental preparation strategies: (a) imagery, (b) relaxation, (c) relaxation plus imagery, (d) placebo control. To simulate game conditions, subjects were allowed only 10 s in which to use their mental preparation strategy. After the practice session, subjects shot 20 test free throws using their designated technique. Results indicated a significant main effect with the imagery group performing significantly better than the placebo control group although there were no specific differences between the three experimental groups. The results are discussed in terms of potential variables mediating the effectiveness of imagery in enhancing sport performance, and future directions for research are offered. 相似文献
752.
Veronica Son Ben Jackson J. Robert Grove Deborah L. Feltz 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(13):1417-1424
Abstract Before completing a team-based dart-throwing activity, 80 undergraduates were randomly assigned to one of three pre-performance self-talk conditions: (a) self-talk statements that focused upon one's personal capabilities, (b) self-talk statements emphasizing the group's capabilities, or (c) a control condition where neutral statements were implemented. Participants in all conditions subsequently rated their confidence in their own (i.e. self-efficacy) as well as their team's (i.e. collective efficacy) capabilities, before carrying out the task. Overall, self-efficacy, collective efficacy, and performance indicators were all greatest for individuals who practised self-talk focusing on the group's capabilities, as opposed to individual-focused and neutral conditions. Findings are considered with respect to their novel theoretical contribution to the social cognition literature and their implications for fostering efficacy perceptions and team performance. 相似文献
753.
The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the effect of monetary rewards and success/failure on intrinsic motivation and causal attributions of males and females competing on a motor task. Multivariate analysis of variance produced a significant overall main effect for feedback, with subjects exhibiting more intrinsic motivation after success than after failure. The Sex × Feedback interaction (p < .09) indicated that males exhibited more intrinsic motivation than females after success, whereas females displayed more intrinsic motivation than males after failure. Attribution results showed that success was primarily attributed to high ability, high effort, and good luck while failure was attributed to low ability, low effort, and bad luck. Correlational analysis revealed that success was related to high ability, high effort, good luck, and high intrinsic motivation. Conversely, failure was associated with low ability, low effort, bad luck, and low intrinsic motivation. In addition, ability and effort were the causal attributes most related to changes in intrinsic motivation. The relationship between causal attributions and intrinsic motivation is discussed in terms of the self-enhancement hypothesis and Deci's cognitive evaluation theory. Implications for competitive physical activity are drawn. 相似文献
754.
Sai Chuen Hui Pak Y. Yuen James R. Morrow Jr. Allen W. Jackson 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(4):401-406
Abstract The stages of motivational readiness as conceptualized by the Transtheoretical Model have been widely used among adult samples to assess readiness for adopting exercise behavior. To date, little research has been conducted using a staging framework with adolescent samples. There is a need for validation of the staging framework prior to a substantial amount of research with this age group. The current article presents two studies assessing stage and reported exercise behavior (Study 1: n = 819; M age = 15.0 years, SD = 1.2; 51 % men; Study 2: n = 184; M age = 18.6 years, SD = .5; 45 % men). As hypothesized in both studies, reported exercise consistently varied as a function of stage classification; those in earlier stages of readiness reported less exercise than those in later stages. Staging algorithms showed good sensitivity to detect reported exercise; however, specificity was distinctly better with the algorithm that used a specific activity criterion and immediate intention, as opposed to irregular behavior, in defining the preparation stage. Results support the validity of the staging framework for measuring motivational readiness for exercise behavior among North American adolescents. 相似文献
755.
Min Kil Kim James Zhang E. Newton Jackson Jr. Daniel P. Connaughton May Kim 《Measurement in physical education and exercise science》2013,17(3):187-207
Twenty-six male and female collegiate and semiprofessional/professional soccer players (age = 20.4 ± 2.0 years; height = 172.1 ± 8.2 cm; weight = 70.7 ± 10.8 kg) participated in this study to determine the reliability and validity of a field anaerobic shuttle test (FAST) and the Cunningham and Faulkner (1969) treadmill anaerobic speed test (AST). The relationship between the AST and FAST was also investigated. Intraclass reliability coefficients were acceptable for the FAST (.96) and AST (.97) with no significant difference between the means at T1 and T2 (FAST = 56.0 vs. 55.8 sec; AST = 41.9 vs. 41.4 sec). Poor reliability for the Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAT), .83 (W), .70 (W · kg-1), necessitated correcting the validity coefficients for attenuation, FAST vs. WAT = -.89 (W) and -.71 (W · kg-1); AST vs. WAT = .82 (W) and .74 (W · kg-1). These coefficients provide preliminary evidence that the construct being measured is anaerobic work capacity. The results (FAST vs. AST = -.85) indicate that FAST and AST appear to be measuring the same construct. Further research is needed to substantiate the validity of AST and FAST scores as measures of anaerobic work capacity of collegiate and professional soccer players. 相似文献
756.
Steve Leigh 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2013,12(3):269-284
The aim of this study was to identify associations between discus throwing performance and the technical parameters of: hip–shoulder and shoulder–arm separation, trunk forward–backward tilt, and throwing-arm elevation angles. Video data of male and female discus throwers' competitive performances were captured during major competitions. Real-life three-dimensional coordinates of 21 body landmarks, and the discus's centre, were obtained for 94 trials using the direct linear transformation procedure. Each technical parameter was reduced at six critical instants. The trend of each parameter across four standards of performance was analysed separately for both sexes. For the female throwers, hip–shoulder and shoulder–arm separations after the flight phase, as well as forward–backward trunk tilts at the beginning and end of the throwing procedure were associated with performance. For male throwers, only the hip–shoulder separation immediately before the flight phase was associated with performance. These findings suggest that the relationships between technical parameters and discus throwing performance are different for males and females. Our results suggest that elite female discus throwers are reliant on effective technique throughout the throwing procedure to achieve long distances, whereas male discus throwers may have a relatively homogeneous technique, and a dependence on physical strength to achieve their long throws. 相似文献
757.
In this article, we present a case study of a beginning science teacher’s year-long action research project, during which
she developed a meaningful grasp of learning from practice. Wendy was a participant in the middle grade science program designed
for career changers from science professions who had moved to teaching middle grade science. An extended action research experience
in the second year of induction proved valuable to her in learning how to modify her teaching to reach her goal, using evidence
of student learning as her guide. This article closes with reflections on the value of extended action research within science
teacher preparation, particularly early in one’s career, and explores the promise for ongoing practice-based professional
development throughout a teacher’s career. 相似文献
758.
Leigh S. Shaffer 《About Campus》2012,17(1):19-25
Leigh S. Shaffer shares his concerns about premature affuence among college undergraduates; describes the serious, long‐term problems it can cause; and offers suggestions for how higher education professionals of all types can support student fnancial well‐being. 相似文献
759.
Leigh N. Wood Glyn Mather Peter Petocz Anna Reid Johann Engelbrecht Ansie Harding Ken Houston Geoff H. Smith Gillian Perrett 《International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education》2012,10(1):99-119
We report on an international study about mathematics students’ ideas of how they will use mathematics in their future study
and careers. This builds on our previous research into students’ conceptions of mathematics. In this paper, we use data from
two groups of students studying mathematics: those who participated in an in-depth interview and those who completed an open-ended
questionnaire. We found that their responses could be grouped into four categories: don’t know; procedural skills; conceptual
skills; and professional skills. Although some students held clear ideas about the role of mathematics, many were not able
to articulate how it would be used in their future. This has implications for their approach to learning and our approach
to teaching. 相似文献
760.
Adam Steventon Thomas W. Jackson Mark Hepworth Stephen Curtis Claire Everitt 《International Journal of Information Management》2012
This paper reports on the first stage of an investigation into monitoring and evaluating the impact of information management (IM) within a local government context. The overall study will utilise a combination of principles from various results-based, outcomes-based and social change approaches (Logical Framework Analysis, Most Significant Change, and Outcomes Mapping) in an attempt to move Leicestershire County Council away from a culture focused on traditional performance measurement, i.e. percentage change in use of services provided to the public, to something of real value. Interviews with 20 senior managers highlighted the important IM issues for Leicestershire County Council as a local government. These initial findings showed that maintaining high quality, trusted, and governed information and knowledge resources were of great value to the organisation. Analysis showed that 85% of senior managers interviewed considered IM to be “critical” in the achievement of organisational outcomes. Further analysis enabled the development of an initial framework indicating key areas where IM can have impact. These key areas will become the focus of further research, where applying a combination of approaches aforementioned will define the boundary partners, their specific outcomes and progress markers with possible impacts proposed. This detail will help to develop a framework for measuring the impact of IM. 相似文献