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Conclusion We have demonstrated the modulation of laser around threshold for the observation of relaxation oscillations in a semiconductor
diode laser. The oscillations frequency for the diode laser D1 was 1.5 kHz whereas the oscillations frequency corresponding to the laser from laser pointer D2 was 227 kHz. We have also observed the variation in damping time and relaxation frequency of both the lasers as a function
ofx. In fact a classroom exercise can be taken up easily to do the parametric characterisation. 相似文献
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In this study, we have examined the effect of linking of bloactive fragment of human IL-1β (163–171) or polytuftsin (PT, a
synthetic polymer of natural immunomodulator “tuftsin”) with synthetic peptides of HIV on the induction of immune response
to the synthetic peptides. A panel of synthetic peptides representing defined region of gp41, gp120 and gag were used as antigens.
Immunomodulators linked peptides (i.e. peptide-IL-1β or peptide-PT) or peptide dimers were employed for immunization in Balb/c
mice. Mice immunized with the peptide-immunomodulator develop effective T-cell proliferation,in vitro cytokine release and higher antibody production, but not with peptide dimers. We also found that peptide-immunomodulators
induced high level of IgG2a antibody production. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between the levels of cytokine
(IL-2 & IFN-γ) and IgG isotype production. Thus it would appear that incorporation of IL-1β fragment or PT selectively enhances
the Th1 type response to these peptides and may therefore be important for virus neutralization and clearance. However, the
effect of IL-1β fragment was found to be more pronounced than polytuftsin. Such an approach may provide effective vaccination
against other infectious diseases. 相似文献
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