Teachers and the Very Able: case studies of four Scottish schools     

Lorna Hamilton 《High Ability Studies》1999,10(1):85-96

High ability in children is a contentious issue in the Scottish educational system, which promotes equity through equality of opportunity in a non‐selective system. The aim of this research was to establish an understanding of the extent of available provision for very able children in a limited number of schools, and to chart teachers’ perceptions of high ability. Four Scottish schools were studied: one comprehensive high school and three primary schools, involving 17 teachers (primary principal and head teachers), one learning support teacher and three educational psychologists. Semi‐structured interviews, supported by open‐ended questionnaires, were the means of data collection. The data were submitted to a straightforward and qualitative content analysis. Results show tentatively that recognition of high ability is generally scarce in Scotland, that highly able pupils are often subjected to several decategorisations and that there is no consensus amongst teachers of how to understand high ability. A subgroup of able pupils was identified also, termed fast finishers’ by the participants.  相似文献   

Validity of the VmaxST portable metabolic measurement system   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Laurent CM  Meyers MC  Robinson CA  Strong LR  Chase C  Goodwin B 《Journal of sports sciences》2008,26(7):709-716

The aim of this study was to assess and compare the validity of the portable VmaxST telemetry metabolic measurement device with that of a standard measurement system (Vmax29). Thirty asymptomatic, moderately active males provided written, informed consent and completed two maximal graded treadmill exercise tests (Bruce) using the VmaxST and the Vmax29 metabolic measurement systems. Tests were performed in random order on separate days to obtain peak values for time to exhaustion, heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), ventilation (VE), and respiratory exchange ratio (RER). Multivariate analysis of variance revealed no significant main effect (P = 0.88) between the two systems across any variable, suggesting similar measurement capabilities between the two systems. Linear regression analyses revealed moderate to high coefficients of determination for VO2 (r2 = 0.99), VCO2 (r2 = 0.99), VE r2 = 0.99), and RER (r2 = 0.89). Furthermore, Bland-Altman analyses demonstrated that the VmaxST yielded similar values to the Vmax29, suggesting good agreement between the two systems. Agreement was confirmed when the differences between the methods resulted in a small range as identified by the 95% limits of agreement. Findings from the current study confirm that the VmaxST is a valid device for measuring metabolic and physiological variables during exercise within a controlled laboratory setting.  相似文献   

Who are the Philosopher-Kings?     

Robin Barrow 《Journal of Philosophy of Education》1974,8(2):200-221

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The erosion of moral education     

Robin Barrow 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》1995,41(1-2):21-32

This paper discusses two closely related themes: first, the lack of provision of moral education; second, the loss of moral direction in society. The author argues that a proper moral education is one that provides an adequate understanding of the moral sphere, just as the study of mathematics involves acquiring a grasp of mathematical thinking. While moral norms appear to differ from one culture to another, the author contends that there is a basic commonality at the level of essential moral principles. The paper concludes by arguing against any system where rights — particularly those of any loosely definable minority — restrict the freedom of others. The author laments that justice has become limited to a political definition of what is just. Thus politics has replaced morality as the arbiter of our behaviour.

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Zusammenfassung Dieser Artikel diskutiert zwei eng miteinander verknüpfte Themen: zum ersten den Mangel an moralischer Bildung, zum zweiten den Verlust einer moralischen Richtschnur in der Gesellschaft. Der Autor argumentiert, daß eine sinnvolle moralische Erziehung zu entsprechendem Verständnis der moralischen Sphäre führe, so wie das Studium der Mathematik die Erfassung des mathematischen Denkens einschließe. Während sich moralische Normen anscheinend von einer Kultur zur anderen unterscheiden, behauptet der Autor, daß es auf der Ebene der wesentlichen moralischen Prinzipien eine grundlegende Gemeinsamkeit gibt. Der Artikel schließt mit einer Argumentation gegen jedes System, wo Rechte — insbesondere jene einer jeglichen lose definierbaren Minderheit — die Freiheit anderer begrenzen. Der Autor beklagt, daß der Begriff Gerechtigkeit zu einer politischen Definition dessen, was richtig ist, eingeschränkt worden ist. So hat die Politik die Moral als Leitfaden unseres Verhaltens ersetzt.

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Résumé Cet article traite de deux sujets intimement liés: l'absence d'éducation morale d'une part, et la perte d'orientation morale dans notre société d'autre part. L'auteur explique qu'une éducation morale appropriée est celle qui permet d'appréhender la sphère morale tout comme l'étude des mathématiques implique de saisir la pensée mathématique. Bien que les normes de moralité semblent varier d'une culture à l'autre, l'auteur soutient qu'il existe une base commune au niveau des principes moraux essentiels. Il argumente dans sa conclusion contre tout systéme dans lequel les droits — et plus précisément ceux de toute minorité quelconque — entravent la liberté des autres. L'auteur déplore le fait que la justice en soit réduite à une définition politique de ce qui est juste et que la politique ait remplacé la moralité pour arbitrer notre comportement.

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Sumario Este trabajo trata de dos temas estrechamente relacionados entre sí: en primer lugar, la carencia de educación moral, y en segundo lugar, la pérdida de orientación moral en la sociedad. El autor sostiene que una educación moral apropiada es aquella que provea un entendimiento adecuado de la esfera moral, así como con el estudio de las matemáticas se adquiere un entendimiento del pensamiento matemático. Si bien las normas morales aparentemente difieren de una cultura a la otra, el autor opina que existe una base común en el nivel de los principios morales esenciales. Al final del trabajo se manifesta contra todo sistema en el que los derechos — en especial, aquellos de toda minoría vagamente definible — restrinjan la libertad de los demás. El autor lamenta que la justicia haya quedado limitada a una definición política de lo que es justo. En consecuencia, la política ha suplantado a la moralidad como árbitro de nuestra conducta.

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‘The bar is slightly higher’: the perception of racism in teacher education     

Tehmina N. Basit  Olwen McNamara  Lorna Roberts  Bruce Carrington  Meg Maguire  Derek Woodrow 《Cambridge Journal of Education》2007,37(2):279-298

The education and training of teachers is an issue of national concern. In this paper we analyse the findings of an in‐depth investigation, undertaken by means of semi structured interviews, of a group of minority ethnic teacher trainees who withdrew from Initial Teacher Training courses in England, and a smaller group of those who completed these courses. We focus, in particular, on trainees' perception of the manifestation of racism during their training. Though none of the minority ethnic withdrawers perceive racism as the determining factor for their withdrawal, some mention instances of covert and even overt racism, while others note subtle forms of discriminatory obstacles to successful completion of the course, which they are reluctant to label as racism. The paper concludes by pointing to the complexity of categorizing phenomena as racism. It also draws attention, on the one hand, to the vulnerability of those who view themselves as being racially abused, and, on the other, to those who are disinclined to dwell on barriers to success as forms of racism and are more predisposed to regarding them as failures of the system.  相似文献   

Changing Science Outcomes: Cognitive Acceleration in a US Setting     

Lorna C. Endler  Trevor G. Bond 《Research in Science Education》2008,38(2):149-166

Inquiry is seen as an integral part of science education in the USA; however, few American science programs explicitly focus on the higher order thinking skills that are the precursors to inquiry. In this paper, Australian researchers report the result of using a version of the Cognitive Acceleration through Science Education (CASE) program in a school district in Oregon (USA) to address teacher-identified concerns about student competence in scientific inquiry. The substantial effect of CASE on British children’s cognitive development and scholastic achievement has been demonstrated convincingly since its inception in the United Kingdom in 1981. The Oregon CASE project was not a mere replication of the original British CASE research: different instruments were employed, and both the measures of cognitive level and student achievement were Rasch-calibrated. The Oregon CASE teachers received comparatively less professional development than did their British counterparts. Neither did they deliver the entire intervention. The results of the study suggest that many of the benefits of CASE still apply when the intervention is conducted in a sub-optimal setting. Cognitive growth was apparent in participating students and high correlations were found between cognitive level and results in some state-mandated tests.  相似文献   

EDUCATION AND THE BODY: PROLEGOMENA     

Robin  Barrow 《British Journal of Educational Studies》2008,56(3):272-285

ABSTRACT:  There is a need to disentangle various distinct kinds of claim. The body may be important in schooling, though not in education. Movement, sport, fitness and health need to be distinguished. Does sport improve character? Does education imply knowledge about matters of health? Is learning to dance analogous to either learning to play cricket or learning to play a musical instrument? The most challenging questions concern whether the body provides an alternative route to knowledge, if so of what. For example, is ballet a unique form of language with its own intrinsic value, an alternative way of arriving at valued propositional knowledge, or does it provide access to a unique kind of knowledge? The conclusion is drawn that none of these claims is sustainable in terms that make them of any great educational significance.  相似文献   

Developmental dyslexia: Heterogeneity without discrete subgroups     

Lorna Murphy  Alexander Pollatsek 《Annals of dyslexia》1994,44(1):120-146

Is the dual route model of word recognition useful in explaining individual differences in reading behaviors for most developmental dyslexics? Many past case studies of surface and phonological acquired dyslexics and a few similar studies of developmental dyslexia have suggested this might be so. The present study investigated individual differences among a group of 65 dyslexics, age 10 to 13, in reading, phonemic segmentation, and word retrieval. The dyslexics’ performance was compared to that of 65 reading age controls and 17 age-matched good readers. The research questions were: (1) Are there discrete subgroups of developmental dyslexics as suggested by the case studies? (2) How do oral language measures relate to the various reading tasks? The data indicated there were no discrete subgroups within the group of dyslexics; in addition, the variability in performance on reading tasks was quite similar for the dyslexic and reading age-control groups. A few dyslexics resembled phonological dyslexics and surface dyslexics, but these subjects were still part of a continuum. We also report the relationship between phonemic segmentation and word retrieval and various reading tasks. It appears that dyslexics at extreme ends of the continuum may exhibit quite different patterns from each other in their oral language task performance as well as in their reading.  相似文献   

Impacts of enquiry-based science teaching on achievement gap between high-and-low SES students: findings from PISA 2015     

Nai-En Tang  Lloyd Barrow  William Romine 《International Journal of Science Education》2019,41(4):448-470

The purpose of this study was to empirically investigate, in a large-scale assessment, the prevalence of enquiry-based teaching, as defined by PISA, implemented in science lessons, and the extent to which it is related to students from different socioeconomic status (SES) family backgrounds in the U.S. The Programme of International Student Assessment (PISA) 2015 data including 5,146 students in the U.S. were used. A Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) was conducted to classify students into different science teaching subgroups. Mixture regression analysis was conducted to examine whether there the association between SES and achievement varied across science teaching subgroups. Four science teaching subgroups were identified, varying in the frequency of and type of teaching practices used. Students’ attitudes, gender, science instruction time, and reading achievement are significant predictors of the subgroup membership. SES-achievement gap also varied across the science teaching subgroups. Discussions for the results and suggestions for future study were presented.  相似文献   

Front Row Seats: What We've Learned from the National Literacy and Numeracy Strategies in England     

Lorna Earl  Nancy Watson  Nancy Torrance 《Journal of Educational Change》2002,3(1):35-53

As the OISE/UT team has followed the literacyand numeracy reforms in England, they have beenexamining them in relation to large-scalereform using a model that considers both thepolicy levers and the local challengesassociated with any attempt to change schoolson a massive scale. In this paper, the authorsdescribe their findings from the first twoyears of what will be a four-year project. Theyconclude that the National Strategies forLiteracy and Numeracy have made significantchanges in primary education throughout Englandin a remarkably short period of time. Thechanges, however, are not yet deep-seatedenough to continue without consistent pressureand support. The next phase of NLS and NNSreform is crucial because it involves deepeningthe teaching practices in classrooms andschools, ensuring that other areas of thecurriculum are progressing apace and, attendingto the generic aspects of the broader structureof the profession.  相似文献