The Transition from Non-formal to Formal Education: The Case of Brac, Bangladesh     

Samir R. Nath 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》2002,40(3):517-524

  相似文献   

Level and Trend of Basic Education of Children in Bangladesh: 1993-1998     

Samir R. Nath  A. Mushtaque R. Chowdhury 《Educational studies》2002,28(1):77-92

Using data generated through two nationally representative sample surveys, this paper explores the trends in the level of basic education of Bangladeshi children. The instrument used for the purpose was based on the Declaration of the World Conference on Education for All (WCEFA, Jomtien, 1990). The findings reveal that the level of 'basic education' increased very slowly, 26.7% in 1993 to 29.6% in 1998, less than one percentage point per year. Statistically significant improvement was observed in 'life skills knowledge' and 'writing skills', but not in 'reading' or 'numeracy'. Girls progressed in 'reading', 'writing' and 'life skills', while the boys in 'writing' and 'life skills'. Over the period, the level improved for rural children but decreased for urban children. Bangladesh falls much behind the targets of the Jomtien Conference in 1990; it will have to wait until 2093 AD to reach the WCEFA goal. The country has made good progress in increasing the access to primary education, but a massive drive is necessary to improve the quality of education.  相似文献   

Ziegler–Natta polymerization and the remaining challenges     

Samir H. Chikkali 《Resonance》2017,22(11):1039-1060

Polymers have become indispensable in the 21st century, and today we cannot imagine life without them. However, till around the beginning of the last century, the science of polymers was considered a very primitive discipline, and majority of the scientific community did not believe that polymers even existed. Hermann Staudinger, among others, fought a long battle to convince the scientific community that polymers are real and that they are long chain molecular entities. Building on this rational bedrock of polymer science, Prof. Karl Ziegler laid the foundation of ethylene polymerization. As outlined by Dr. Sivaram in his articles on Ziegler and Natta, careful observations and systematic analyses of serendipitous results enabled Ziegler to deveop the enormously significant ‘Mülheim atmospheric polyethylene process’. A decade later, Cossee and Arlman revealed the mechanism of this polymerization reaction, which is called ‘insertion polymerization’. Insertion polymerization is popularly known as the ‘Ziegler–Natta polymerization’, in recognition of its founding fathers. Today, the world produces about 180 million tons of polyolefins annually, and polyethylene or polythene has become a household name.In this article, I shall present an overview of Ziegler–Natta polymerization. I will highlight the mechanism of this reaction, and outline the progress made in the last seven decades using some real-world examples. The last part of this artificle will take a stock of the unresolved challenges posed by Ziegler–Natta polymerization, briefiy discuss current solutions, and reiterate the enormous potential of this seventy-year-old reaction to meet contemporary challenges.  相似文献   

Review     

Craig Callender  Steve Fuller  Katherine Neal  Bernadette Bensaude-Vincent  David Turnbull  Otávio Bueno  Jerry Ravetz  Alan Chalmers  Peter Harrison  Keith Benson  Jonathan Simon  Margaret D. Garber  Samir Chopra  Henry Chan  Elizabeth Toon  Philip Catton  Brendan Larvor  Kylie Valentine  Alan C. Love  Donna April Chua Sy  Brian W. Ogilvie  James Maclaurin  William C. Summers  Arthur B. Markman  John T. Vallance 《Metascience》2002,11(1):43-138

  相似文献   

Reply to Dennett,Gardner and Rubin     

Okasha  Samir 《Metascience》2019,28(3):373-382

  相似文献   

Pharmacists’ utilization and interest in usage of personal digital assistants in their professional responsibilities     

Anandaroop Dasgupta  Sujit S. Sansgiry  Jeff T. Sherer  David Wallace  Samir Sikri 《Health information and libraries journal》2010,27(1):37-45

Background and objectives: Pharmacists use PDAs for performing various activities related to their profession. The objective of this study was to examine pharmacists’ utilization pattern and interest in usage of personal digital assistants (PDAs) in various facets of health care. Methods: A cross‐sectional survey was conducted by distributing a pre‐validated 23‐item instrument to a convenience sample of pharmacists (n = 295) in the Houston area. Usage frequency (0 = never to 5 = frequently) and interest in future use (1 = extremely disinterested to 5 = extremely interested) of PDAs for various activities were evaluated and compared across pharmacy practice settings. Results: Most pharmacists reported maximum use of PDAs, as personal organizers (3.7 ± 1.8), in obtaining drug information (2.9 ± 1.8) and as medical calculators (2.6 ± 1.9). Similar results were obtained while evaluating interest of pharmacists who did not have PDAs and have never used PDAs for these three activities. Hospital pharmacists owned and used PDAs significantly (P < 0.05) more often than community pharmacists. Conclusions: Pharmacists used PDAs for basic functions in their profession role. Application of PDA technology in community pharmacy settings may result in its better adoption in both the settings.  相似文献   

The sector approach and its implications for technical assistance: The Social Fund for Development, Egypt     

Samir T. Ishak  Hussein M. El Gammal 《Prospects》2000,30(4):475-486

  相似文献   

Quality early childhood education for disadvantaged children: an investigation in the MCD schools     

Neelima Chopra 《International Journal of Early Years Education》2016,24(1):49-62

Schools run by Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) play a pivotal role in providing early childhood education to young children belonging to marginalized sections of Delhi. However, literature review reveals that low learning outcomes are common among children attending these schools. Low levels of learning are often associated with poor quality educational programmes. The present study was therefore undertaken in nursery, grade I and grade II of 36 randomly selected MCD schools to investigate their structural and process quality. Structural quality included infrastructure facilities like availability of drinking water and toilets, safety and cleanliness of the physical setting among others. Process quality included the experiences of the children in the school. Findings revealed that while many MCD schools had an average score on components related to structural quality, the process quality scores of the schools were below average. Significant differences were also observed in overall quality scores of grade II, grade I and nursery, with nursery scores being the highest. The decline in quality scores from nursery to grade II is a sign of decreasing quality and prevents a smooth transition of children from pre-primary to primary.  相似文献   

Differential pH sensitivity of tissue superoxide dismutases     

Samir P Patel  Surendra S Katyare 《Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB》2006,21(2):129-133

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in the human and rat RBCs and rat liver, kidney, brain and heart mitochondria as well as cytosolic fractions were determined by the pyrogallol assay procedure with slight modifications. Measurements were carried out in 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer pH 8.0 and 9.2 to assess the pH stability of the SODs from various systems. Under these conditions the SODs from different systems including RBCs exhibited differential pH stability i.e. they displayed differential susceptibility at pH 9.2. Even in a given tissue, the mitochondrial and cytosolic SODs contents show a tissue-specific pattern. Our results also suggest that measurements carried out at pH 8.0 may give more realistic estimates of SOD activities.  相似文献   

Laudan and Leplin on Empirical Equivalence   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Okasha  Samir 《The British journal for the philosophy of science》1997,48(2):251-256

  相似文献