Risk factors for infant maltreatment: a population-based study     

Wu SS  Ma CX  Carter RL  Ariet M  Feaver EA  Resnick MB  Roth J 《Child abuse & neglect》2004,28(12):1253-1264

CONTEXT: Of the approximately 900,000 children who were determined to be victims of abuse or neglect by US child protective services in 2002, the birth-to-3 age group had the highest rate of victimization (1.6%) and children younger than 1 accounted for the largest percentage of victims (9.6%). OBJECTIVE: To identify perinatal and sociodemographic risk factors associated with maltreatment of infants up to 1 year of age. DESIGN AND SETTING: Observational cohort study. PARTICIPANTS: 189,055 children born in 1996 in Florida. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Infant maltreatment, defined as a verified report of abuse, neglect, or threatened harm that occurred between day 3 of life and 1 year. RESULTS: 1,602 children (.85%) of the 1996 birth cohort had verified instances of maltreatment by age 1. Of 15 perinatal and sociodemographic variables studied, 11 were found to be significantly related to infant maltreatment. Five factors had adjusted relative risks (RR) of two or greater: Mother smoked during pregnancy (RR 2.8); more than two siblings (RR 2.7); Medicaid beneficiary (RR 2.1); unmarried marital status (RR 2.0); low birth weight infant (RR 2.0). Infants who had four of these five risk factors had a maltreatment rate seven times higher than the population average. CONCLUSIONS: Data on nearly all risk factors found to be significantly associated with infant maltreatment are available on the birth certificate. Such information can be incorporated into a population-based risk-assessment tool that could identify subpopulations at highest risk for infant maltreatment. Because resources are limited, these groups should be given priority for enrollment in child abuse prevention programs.  相似文献   

Relations Among Cultural Learning Beliefs,Self‐Regulated Learning,and Academic Achievement for Low‐Income Chinese American Adolescents          下载免费PDF全文

Janine Bempechat  Jin Li  Samuel Ronfard 《Child development》2018,89(3):851-861

This mixed‐methods study of urban low‐income, English‐proficient Chinese American, second‐generation 15‐year‐olds (conducted in 2004; N = 32) examined the relation among the virtue model of learning communicated by parents and adolescents’ learning beliefs, self‐regulated learning (SRL) behaviors, and academic achievement. Analysis of in‐depth individual interviews revealed that for these adolescents, perceptions of family educational socialization predicted students’ endorsement of their culture's virtue‐oriented learning beliefs and that adolescents’ endorsement of these learning beliefs predicted their academic achievement. Importantly, adolescents’ reported that use of SRL strategies mediated the relationship between their endorsement of virtue‐oriented learning beliefs and their academic achievement. Findings are discussed in the context of further research linking cultural learning beliefs, SRL, and children's academic achievement.  相似文献   

Contributions to a molecular phylogeny and systematics of Anemone and related genera (Ranunculaceae-Anemoninae)     

Friedrich Ehrendorfer  Rosabelle Samuel 《中国科学院研究生院学报》2001,39(4):293-308

 Plastid atpB/rbcL intergenic spacer sequences were obtained from 21 selected taxa and one hybrid of Anemoninae (Anemone, Pulsatilla, Hepatica) and compared with Ficaria (Ranun- culinae) as an outgroup. From the resulting matrix (1226 bp) a single most parsimonious tree was obtained (Fig. 1 ). The branching of this tree is confirmed by many informative indels and appears largely congruent with past plastid restriction analyses. Several new taxa are added. The monophyly of the Anemoninae and their early split into two major clades is supported: clade I with the chromo- some base number x = 8, clade Ⅱ with the reduced x = 7. Clade Ⅰ is made up of the basal Pulsatilla and the Rivularis + Vitifolia groups. The Multifida group links to the crown groups Coronaria, Blanda and Nemorosa. Clade Ⅱ consists of the basal Dichotoma group, followed by Hepatica, and finally by the N. Hemisphere Narcissiflora and the S. Hemisphere Antucensis groups as sisters. The problems of the Anemoninae ancestry, phylogenetic differentiation, and recent attempts for systemat- ic classification are critically discussed. In view of the still incomplete sampling of DNA data, aconservative and informal approach to classification problems is recommended.  相似文献   

Thinking About Practice,Practicing How to Think     

Samuel M. Taylor 《Curator: The Museum Journal》2002,45(3):163-165

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Onset of channeling during DNA electrophoresis in a sparse ordered post array     

Jia Ou  Samuel J. Carpenter    Kevin D. Dorfman 《Biomicrofluidics》2010,4(1)

The “channeling hypothesis” of DNA electrophoresis in sparse, ordered arrays of posts predicts that the DNA will move through the array relatively unhindered if (i) the spacing between the posts is larger than the DNA coil and (ii) the electric field lines are straight. We tested this hypothesis by studying the electrophoretic separation of a small plasmid DNA (pUC19, 2686 base pairs) and a large, linear DNA (λ-DNA, 48 500 base pairs) in a hexagonal array of 1 μm diameter posts with a pitch of 7 μm. At low electric field strengths, these DNAs are separated due to the long-lived, rope-over-pulley collisions of λ-DNA with the posts. The resolution is lost as the electric field increases due to the onset of channeling by the λ-DNA. Using a diffusive model, we show that channeling arises at low electric fields due to the finite size of the array. This channeling is not intrinsic to the system and is attenuated by increasing the size of the array. Higher electric fields lead to intrinsic channeling, which is attributed to the disparate time scales for a rope-over-pulley collision and transverse diffusion between collisions. The onset of channeling is a gradual process, in agreement with extant Brownian dynamics simulation data. Even at weak electric fields, the electrophoretic mobility of λ-DNA in the array is considerably higher than would be expected if the DNA frequently collided with the posts.  相似文献   

A NOTE FROM THE EDITOR     

Samuel M. Taylor 《Curator: The Museum Journal》1999,42(2):69-69

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A NOTE FROM THE EDITOR     

Samuel M. Taylor 《Curator: The Museum Journal》1999,42(3):185-185

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An evaluation of the special needs referral process for low-income preschool children with emotional and behavioral problems     

John Fantuzzo  Jill Stoltzfus  Megan Noone Lutz  Helen Hamlet  Vijaykumar Balraj  Colleen Turner  Samuel Mosca 《Early childhood research quarterly》1999,14(4):465

The present study is an evaluation of the special needs referral system in a large urban Head Start program. To assess the validity of this system, two assessments were conducted. The first examined a representative sample of 105 children who were formally referred for special needs services. The Early Intervention Screening Profile (EISP) was used to indicate the distribution of problem behaviors of these special needs children. Two independent raters evaluated all cases. Reliable evaluations revealed that all of the referred children displayed speech and language problems, with 70% showing only speech problems and 30% showing speech plus emotional and behavioral problems. The second assessment examined reports of teachers’ concerns about children program-wide by obtaining a representative sample of 203 children nominated by teachers as most likely to be identified as having special needs. Teachers completed a modified EISP. Results indicated that over 70% of the children evidenced emotional and behavioral problems with no accompanying speech difficulties and 30% displayed emotional and behavioral problems plus speech problems. Implications of referral biases were discussed.  相似文献   

The validity and reliability of the GymAware linear position transducer for measuring counter-movement jump performance in female athletes     

Shannon O’Donnell  Francisco Tavares  Daniel McMaster  Samuel Chambers  Matthew Driller 《Measurement in physical education and exercise science》2018,22(1):101-107

The current study aimed to assess the validity and test–retest reliability of a linear position transducer when compared to a force plate through a counter-movement jump in female participants. Twenty-seven female recreational athletes (19 ± 2 years) performed three counter-movement jumps simultaneously using the linear position transducer and force plate for validity. In addition, 11 elite female athletes (23 ± 6 years) performed 3 counter-movement jumps with the linear position transducer on three separate days for test–retest reliability. Pearson correlations for jump height between the devices were at a high level (r = .90), with the linear position transducer overestimating jump height by 7.0 ± 2.8 cm. The reliability measured by the linear position transducer resulted in a mean intraclass correlation of .70 for jump height, .90 for peak velocity, and .91 for mean velocity. The linear position transducer was reliable for measuring counter-movement jumps in elite female athletes; however, caution should be taken for one-off jump measures as it may over-estimate jump height.  相似文献   

Preferences for Explanation Generality Develop Early in Biology But Not Physics          下载免费PDF全文

Angie M. Johnston  Mark Sheskin  Samuel G. B. Johnson  Frank C. Keil 《Child development》2018,89(4):1110-1119

One of the core functions of explanation is to support prediction and generalization. However, some explanations license a broader range of predictions than others. For instance, an explanation about biology could be presented as applying to a specific case (e.g., “this bear”) or more generally across “all animals.” The current study investigated how 5‐ to 7‐year‐olds (N = 36), 11‐ to 13‐year‐olds (N = 34), and adults (N = 79) evaluate explanations at varying levels of generality in biology and physics. Findings revealed that even the youngest children preferred general explanations in biology. However, only older children and adults preferred explanation generality in physics. Findings are discussed in light of differences in our intuitions about biological and physical principles.  相似文献