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This paper describes the French initiative in materials research against both a national and an international background,
in an attempt to disentangle the local circumstances, which prompted this governmental initiative, and to characterize the
specific profile of materials research in France. In presenting a biography of the interdisciplinary program in materials
research (PIRMAT), we argue that: i) the PIRMAT denotes a failure of the French science policy in materials research; ii)
the leadership of the CNRS led to a specific style of research, quite different from the engineering approach of Materials
Science and Engineering, and characteristic of a French style in materials research. 相似文献
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Kaare Aagaard 《Minerva》2017,55(3):279-297
This article outlines the evolution of a national research funding system over a timespan of more than 40 years and analyzes the development from a rather stable Humboldt-inspired floor funding model to a complex multi-tiered system where new mechanisms continually have been added on top of the system. Based on recent contributions to Historical Institutionalism it is shown how layering and displacement processes gradually have changed the funding system along a number of dimensions and thus how a series of minor adjustments over time has led to a transformation of the system as a whole. The analysis also highlights the remarkable resistance of the traditional academically oriented research council system towards restructuring. Due to this resistance the political system has, however, circumvented the research council system and implemented change through other channels of the funding system. For periods of time these strategies have marginalized the role of the councils. 相似文献
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Andrew Post J. Michio Clark D. G. E. Robertson T. Blaine Hoshizaki Michael D. Gilchrist 《Sports Engineering》2017,20(2):111-119
Brain injury research in sport employs a variety of physical models equipped with accelerometers. These acceleration signals are commonly processed using filters. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of applying filters with different cutoff frequencies to the acceleration signals used as input for finite element modeling of the brain. Signals were generated from reconstructions of concussion events from American football and ice hockey in the laboratory using a Hybrid III headform. The resulting acceleration signals were used as input for the University College Dublin Brain Trauma Model after being processed with filters. The results indicated that using a filter with a cutoff of 300 Hz or higher had little effect on the resulting strain measures. In some cases there was some effect of the filters on the peak linear (8–30g) and rotational measures (1000–4000 rad/s2), but little effect on the finite element strain result (approximately 2–6 %). The short duration and high magnitude accelerations, such as the puck impact, were most affected by the cutoff frequency of different filters. 相似文献
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