New perspectives in gaze sensitivity research     

Gabrielle L. Davidson  Nicola S. Clayton 《Learning & behavior》2016,44(1):9-17

Attending to where others are looking is thought to be of great adaptive benefit for animals when avoiding predators and interacting with group members. Many animals have been reported to respond to the gaze of others, by co-orienting their gaze with group members (gaze following) and/or responding fearfully to the gaze of predators or competitors (i.e., gaze aversion). Much of the literature has focused on the cognitive underpinnings of gaze sensitivity, namely whether animals have an understanding of the attention and visual perspectives in others. Yet there remain several unanswered questions regarding how animals learn to follow or avoid gaze and how experience may influence their behavioral responses. Many studies on the ontogeny of gaze sensitivity have shed light on how and when gaze abilities emerge and change across development, indicating the necessity to explore gaze sensitivity when animals are exposed to additional information from their environment as adults. Gaze aversion may be dependent upon experience and proximity to different predator types, other cues of predation risk, and the salience of gaze cues. Gaze following in the context of information transfer within social groups may also be dependent upon experience with group-members; therefore we propose novel means to explore the degree to which animals respond to gaze in a flexible manner, namely by inhibiting or enhancing gaze following responses. We hope this review will stimulate gaze sensitivity research to expand beyond the narrow scope of investigating underlying cognitive mechanisms, and to explore how gaze cues may function to communicate information other than attention.  相似文献   

The Environment/Society Disconnect: An Overview of a Concept Tetrad of Environment     

Clayton Barry 《The Journal of environmental education》2013,44(2):116-132

In the Western world, a paradigm exists that sees environment treated as one extreme of an adversarial binary, balanced in opposition to society. This paradigm, which I call the environment/society disconnect, infiltrates the secondary school system, leading to serious deficiencies in how students understand the social dimensions of environmental problems. The environment/society disconnect has been imagined and re-imagined by various philosophers, ethicists, historians, ecofeminists, and environmental educators. This essay contends that there are four interconnecting, overlapping, and reinforcing views of environment that maintain the environment/society disconnect. Together these views form a concept tetrad of environment. The concept tetrad of environment provides educators with a neat, if general, typology to explain the historical and cultural roots of our thinking on environment.  相似文献   

Correspondence     

Carl Clayton 《Health information and libraries journal》1989,6(1):59-60

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Editing the Eartha M.M. White Collection: An Experiment in Engaging Students in Archival Research and Editorial Practice     

Clayton McCarl 《The Journal of Academic Librarianship》2018,44(4):527-537

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The information practices and politics of migrant-aid work in the US-Mexico borderlands     

Bryce Clayton Newell  Sara Vannini  Ricardo Gomez 《The Information Society》2020,36(4):199-213

Abstract

Numerous organizations work to provide humanitarian aid to undocumented migrants along the US-Mexico border—from running shelters in Mexico to placing water on migratory trails. Resistance to information-sharing between organizations (and to the public), especially through technologically mediated means, is common. However, some organizers and volunteers work across organizational boundaries and share information informally. Information secrecy is often justified by concerns that law enforcement authorities or anti-immigration activists might gain access to information, allowing them to harm, detain or remove migrants, or interfere with humanitarian work. The choices made about the collection and (non)disclosure of information are manifestations of what we call “liminal” information practices: such behaviors are unique to humanitarian volunteers working in the gray, ethical area between law enforcement and humanitarian values and action, and they are guided by the information politics at play within this context.  相似文献   

Implementation. The glue of organizational change     

Roger M. Addison  Clayton R. Lloyd 《Performance Improvement》1999,38(6):8-11

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