Cultural Difference in Conflict Management Strategies of Children and Its Development: Comparing 3- and 5-Year-Olds Across China,Japan, and Korea     

Hiroki Maruyama  Tatsuo Ujiie  Jiro Takai  Yuko Takahama  Hiroko Sakagami  Makoto Shibayama 《Early education and development》2013,24(8):1210-1233

Research Findings: The purpose of this study was to examine differences in the development of conflict management strategies, focusing on 3- and 5-year-olds, through a comparison of 3 neighboring Asian cultures, those of China (n = 114), Japan (n = 98), and Korea (n = 90). The dual concern model of conflict management was adopted to probe which strategy children would prefer to use in 2 hypothetical conflict situations. Results indicated that, first, for disagreement, 3-year-olds in the 3 countries equally preferred the dominating strategy. For competition for resources, 3-year-olds differed in their strategy preference across all cultures. Second, the observed strategy preference of 3- to 5-year-old children in this study was more or less different from that of older schoolchildren, regardless of culture. Practice or Policy: These findings suggest the significance of the context, the complexity of the phenomenon of the development of cultural differences, and the significance of cohort sampling.  相似文献   

Educational technology consulting in developing countries     

Clayton R. Wright PhD 《TechTrends》1997,42(1):35-40

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The University of Rhodesia: A Re‐appraisal     

Clayton G. Mackenzie 《Journal of educational administration and history》1987,19(2):62-71

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Social facilitation of drinking of a partially satiated duckling     

David A. Clayton 《Learning & behavior》1976,4(4):391-395

Water-deprived and nondeprived ducklings were reintroduced to a flock companion which had been allowed to partially satiate itself after 3 h of water deprivation. The drinking and sieving behavior of the partially satiated “reactor” bird was immediately increased above that of similar birds left on their own. However, whether or not the introduced “actor” ducklings were deprived had no consequences for the drinking response of the reactor above that obtained by their introduction. The number of companions introduced also failed to have any effect other than that obtained by their introduction. The increase in sieving was greater when deprived, rather than nondeprived, actors were introduced. These results were discussed in relation to the motivational aspects of sieving behavior and the mechanism of social facilitation.  相似文献   

Book reviews     

Robert Heinich  John S. Clayton  James Q. Knowlton  Paul Saettler  Frederick G. Knirk  Malcolm Fleming  William F. O’Neill  Robert W. Wagner  Edward S. Herman  Donald P. Hammer 《Educational technology research and development : ETR & D》1970,18(1):88-117

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A Study on the Impact of GPA on Perceived Improvement of Higher‐Order Cognitive Skills*     

Randy V. Bradley  Chetan S. Sankar  Howard R. Clayton  Victor W. Mbarika  P. K. Raju 《Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education》2007,5(1):151-168

Colleges of Business (COBs) have experienced high growth rates in the past decade and many colleges are imposing minimum grade point average (GPA) requirements for students to enter or remain in the college. A primary reason for this requirement may be the belief that students with high GPAs are more inclined to demonstrate higher‐order cognitive skills (HOCS) than students with low GPAs. It is not clear whether the link is valid. This study hypothesizes that students with high GPAs who are taught in the same way as students with lower GPAs will have higher perceptions of improved HOCS. We conducted an experiment in which students, with varying GPAs, at three large universities primarily used multimedia instructional materials. We obtained the students' perceptions of their improved HOCS from their responses to a survey. A regression analysis of the data reveals that the relationship between GPAs and students' perceived improvement in HOCS is significant (p < .001). We conclude the study by recommending that (a) it is critical to use research methodologies to evaluate perceived and actual learning improvements, (b) COB policies to implement GPA restrictions on admission are worthwhile, and (c) case studies need to be used much more frequently in undergraduate COB classes.  相似文献   

Automatic Activation of Sounds by Letters Occurs Early in Development but is not Impaired in Children With Dyslexia     

Francina J. Clayton 《Scientific Studies of Reading》2018,22(2):137-151

The automatic letter-sound integration hypothesis proposes that the decoding difficulties seen in dyslexia arise from a specific deficit in establishing automatic letter-sound associations. We report the findings of 2 studies in which we used a priming task to assess automatic letter-sound integration. In Study 1, children between 5 and 7 years of age were faster to respond to a speech-sound when primed by a congruent letter, indicating that automatic activation of sounds by letters emerges relatively early in reading development. However, there was no evidence of a relationship between variations in the speed of activating sounds by letters and reading skill in this large unselected sample. In Study 2, children with dyslexia demonstrated automatic activation of sounds by letters, though they performed slowly overall. Our findings do not support the theory that a deficit in automatic letter-sound integration is an important cause of reading difficulties but do provide further evidence for the importance of phonological skills for learning to read.  相似文献   

Relationship of Reaction Time to the Speed of a Softball     

Clayton T. Shay 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(3):433-437

Abstract

Reaction time of the batter in Softball is important because of short pitching distance and the speed of the pitcher. Nine pitchers were tested for speed and had an average velocity of 59.95 mph and a mean reaction time of .215 sec. was found for 258 students tested. With these averages, the ball would be 29.33 ft. from home plate before 116 of these students began their swing and in 41 cases the ball would be less than 20 ft from the plate. Pitchers with greater velocity would decrease the success of the batter if the reaction time remains the same.  相似文献   

Demythologising the Missionaries: a reassessment of the functions and relationships of Christian missionary education under colonialism     

Clayton G. Mackenzie 《比较教育学》1993,29(1):45-66

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Natural populations of lactic acid bacteria in douchi from Yunnan Province, China   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Chen-jian Liu  Fu-ming Gong  Xiao-ran Li  Hai-yan Li  Zhong-hua Zhang  Yue Feng  Hiroko Nagano 《Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B》2012,13(4):298-306

This research was aimed at isolating and identifying the predominant lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the traditional Chinese salt-fermented soybean food, douchi, from Yunnan, China. The predominant LAB present were isolated and identified by conventional culture-dependent methods combined with molecular biological methods. Two hundred and sixty isolates were obtained from thirty kinds of traditional fermented douchi from six cities and counties in Yunnan, and those strains were divided into twelve groups by their morphological and biochemical characteristics. Based on 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequencing and analysis, 56 representative strains were identified as belonging to 6 genera and 14 species: Lactobacillus (4 spp.), Weissella (3 spp.), Pediococcus (2 spp.), Staphylococcus (2 spp.), Enterococcus (1 sp.), and Bacillus (2 spp.). The results show that douchi contains a large natural population of LAB of diverse composition from which some strains could be selected as starters for functional fermented foods. This is the first study on the original douchi from Yunnan, and the results suggest that it may be a useful source for the isolation of LAB. This study has also laid a foundation for further research on developing functional douchi products.  相似文献