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31.
A. J. M. Shafiul Alam Bhuiyan 《The Information Society》2004,20(4):269-278
The concept of universal access, which originated in the United States, is now part of the telecommunications policy frameworks of many developing countries. This article uses the case of Bangladesh as a vehicle for examining the transferability of the universal service concept to developing countries. The analysis suggests that liberalization and privatization of the telecommunications sector policies pushed by the World Trade Organization (WTO), the World Bank, and other international agencies, will not by themselves create universal access in countries with rudimentary urban-centric networks. The policymakers need to incorporate build-out obligations when licensing operators and also develop cross-subsidy mechanisms even though they are now out of fashion in the industrialized world. 相似文献
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In the past, efforts of less developed countries (LDCs) to promote utilization of government research have concentrated on narrowing the communication gap between research laboratories and industry. On the whole these attempts seem to have failed. This paper examines the extent of utilization of government civil research by industry and the steps undertaken by the government to increase research utilization in India. It shows that the proportion of research utilization in India is indeed very low; in our sample 85 percent of the licensed processes were not put into production.In our view government policy needs to take into account the fact that small and large firms have different reasons for their failure to use government research. In the past, small firms have shown considerable interest in government research but failed because they lacked technical resources. To enable these firms to use government research successfully, it is essential that increased development activities are undertaken by government agencies. Interestingly, as our study shows, the expenditure by government agencies on development activities has been considerably reduced.On the other hand, to interest the large firms in using government research, where little demand exists at present, it is essential that government policy should not only discourage the import of technology but, more importantly, encourage changes in the socio-economic structure which is mainly responsible for demand in the LDCs for products that can only be manufactured by the use of sophisticated, and often imported, technology. In the absence of such changes the activities of government research laboratories will become even more isolated from production. 相似文献