Politics,state and Church: forming the National Society 1805–c.1818     

Akira Iwashita 《History of education》2018,47(1):1-17

This article explores the process of the formation of ‘the National Society for Promoting the Education of the Poor in the Principles of the Established Church’ through focusing on disagreements amongst its promoters. It demonstrates that a discrepancy existed in the opinions of Anglican promoters concerning what an Anglican national institution should be like, and that the formation of the National Society was a process of compromise between these promoters. The formation and the first phase of operation of the society show that the National Society can be regarded as a more liberal and comprehensive organisation than earlier literature has suggested. The study also shows that the formation and early operation of the National Society can be seen as a forgotten origin of the liberal education policy founded in the 1830s.  相似文献   

Relationship between reading/writing skills and cognitive abilities among Japanese primary-school children: normal readers versus poor readers (dyslexics)     

Akira Uno  Taeko N. Wydell  Noriko Haruhara  Masato Kaneko  Naoko Shinya 《Reading and writing》2009,22(7):755-789

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Engineering Play: Children's software and the cultural politics of edutainment     

Mizuko Ito 《Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education》2006,27(2):139-160

The late 1980s saw the emergence of a new genre of instructional media, ‘edutainment’, which utilized the capabilities of multimedia personal computers to animate software designed to both educate and entertain young children. This paper describes the production of, marketing of and play with edutainment software as a contemporary example of long-standing tensions between the cultural categories of education and entertainment, play and learning. Like prior efforts to wed learning and play, edutainment was founded on the ideal of broadening access to academic learning. Yet, as it became a mainstream commercial enterprise, it was increasingly targeted towards accelerating the achievement of successful children. After first describing the industry and marketing context of edutainment, this paper describes cases of play with edutainment software in an after-school computer club. The analysis utilizes the concepts of “multimedia genre’ and “participation genre” to read across sites of production, distribution and consumption to examine how genres of entertainment, education and edutainment are constituted through the circulation of and play with media artifacts. As in the case of the industry and marketing context, instances of play with edutainment titles follow certain genre conventions of engagement. Titles that are based on academic content and modes of engagement, even with a wrapper of entertainment style, invite a competitive orientation and interaction focused on fulfilling the minimal conditions for moving ahead and getting credit for completion of a task. Unlike more exploratory or construction-oriented software titles, these genres of software are marketed and keyed to the social demands of middle class achievement.  相似文献   

Kinetics of throwing arm joints and the trunk motion during an overarm distance throw by skilled Japanese elementary school boys     

Yasuto Kobayashi  Michiyoshi Ae  Akiyo Miyazaki  Norihisa Fujii  Akira Iiboshi  Hideki Nakatani 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2016,15(3):314-328

The purpose of this study was to investigate joint kinetics of the throwing arms and role of trunk motion in skilled elementary school boys during an overarm distance throw. Throwing motions of 42 boys from second, fourth, and sixth grade were videotaped with three high-speed cameras operating at 300 fps. Seven skilled boys from each grade were selected on the basis of throwing distance for three-dimensional kinetic analysis. Joint forces, torques, and torque powers of the throwing arm joints were calculated from reconstructed three-dimensional coordinate data smoothed at cut-off frequencies of 10.5–15 Hz and by the inverse dynamics method. Throwing distance and ball velocity significantly increased with school grade. The angular velocity of elbow extension before ball release increased with school grade, although no significant increase between the grades was observed in peak extension torque of elbow joint. The joint torque power of shoulder internal/external rotation tended to increase with school grade. When teaching the overarm throw, elementary school teachers should observe large backward twisting of trunk during the striding phase and should keep in mind that young children, such as second graders (age 8 years), will be unable to effectively utilise shoulder external/internal rotation during the throwing phase.  相似文献   

The Turner syndrome: cognitive deficits, affective discrimination, and behavior problems   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

E McCauley  T Kay  J Ito  R Treder 《Child development》1987,58(2):464-473

Individuals with sex chromosomal anomalies are known to be at increased risk for learning problems and in some cases social or behavioral problems. Girls with an absent or structurally abnormal second sex chromosome (the Turner syndrome) have been found to have cognitive problem solving deficits and immature, inadequate social relationships. The present study attempted to link cognitive and social problems by assessing the girls' ability to process affective cues. 17 girls with karyotypes consistent with a diagnosis of Turner syndrome were compared to a group of 16 short-stature girls of comparable age, verbal intelligence scores, height, and family socioeconomic status on the Affective Discrimination Task, which required interpretation of affective intention from facial expression. The results revealed that the Turner syndrome girls were less accurate at inferring facial affect than the short-stature controls. Analyses revealed that the Turner syndrome girls performed more poorly on spatial, attentional, and short-term memory cognitive tasks and had more psychosocial problems than the short-stature controls. Ability to discriminate facial affect may be another area of cognitive weakness for girls with the Turner syndrome and may underlie the psychosocial problems found in this sample.  相似文献   

Teacher Internship and the Culture of Teaching in Japan     

Nobuo K. Shimahara  Akira Sakai 《British Journal of Sociology of Education》1992,13(2):147-162

Japan's teacher internship was a hotly debated political issue for three decades until the legislature finally approved its implementation in 1988. The aim of this paper is to explore how the culture of teaching mediated the implementation of the government‐sponsored teacher internship. The data presented in this paper come from ethnographic research conducted in 1989 with a focus on three elementary public schools in Tokyo. Our findings suggest that the culture of teaching measurably influenced the administration of internship in the first year. As a result, internship became ineffective if measured by the Government's expectations. This paper argues that the Government's reform, of teaching is bound to be ineffectual without classroom teachers’ active support for it.  相似文献   

Conflict resolution styles among COLLECTIVIST cultures: a comparison between Japanese and Koreans     

Akira Miyahara  Min-Sun Kim  Ho-Chang Shin  Kak Yoon 《Int J Intercult Relat》1998,22(4):60

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Effect of terminal locations of pods on biomass production and 13C partitioning in a fasciated stem soybean Shakujo     

Yamada K  Sasakura A  Nishiwaki K  El-Shemy HA  Mohapatra PK  Nguyen NT  Kurosaki H  Kanai S  Ito J  Fujita K 《Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B》2011,12(1):72-82

This study addresses the hypothesis that stagnation of soybean yield on the farm can be improved by selection of a physiological trait favoring carbon assimilate partitioning to terminally placed pods versus genotypes having axillary pods at close plant spacing. ¹³C was fed to source-sink units comprising a leaf, axillary/terminal pods, and petioles at upper and lower positions of the stem axis in two soybean cultivars, namely Shakujo and Enrei, at different densities of populations. The cultivars differ significantly in architecture, Shakujo bearing a few hundreds of pods in close succession to one another in a terminally placed raceme, in contrast to Enrei having axillary racemes. Pod yield per plant was higher in Enrei than in Shakujo at low density, but Shakujo out-yielded Enrei at close spacing. Population density decreased yield per plant and altered the pattern of assimilate partitioning significantly within the plants for both varieties. At high density more assimilates moved to the upper parts at the cost of the lower parts. The terminally placed pods of Shakujo were advantaged to receive assimilates under density stress. No benefit was accrued to pod filling of Enrei, however, under this condition.  相似文献   

短跑道速滑起跑动作及肌电图分析     

俞劲楠  伊藤章  吉井健悟 《山西师大体育学院学报》2010,25(1):119-121

运用三台高速摄影机对三名优秀女子短道速度滑冰运动员起跑动作进行解析分析。研究表明：在起跑过程中股关节始终保持着外转位,在整个身体倾斜的状态下发挥着蹬冰力,臀中肌在这样的动作中起到了决定性的作用。在肌电图的解析中,利用足关节的屈曲动作既完成了移动身体重心又保持了身体前倾,在这样的状态下进行蹬冰的过程中,胫骨前肌起到了极其重要的作用。因此,对臀中肌及胫骨前肌,应采取积极的训练。  相似文献   

The Usefulness of Saturated Salt Solution Embalming Method for Oral Surgical Skills Training: A New Cadaveric Training Model for Bone Harvesting     

Masato Watanabe  Yuya Yoneyama  Hayato Hamada  Michihide Kohno  On Hasegawa  Hidetoshi Takahashi  Yoko Kawase-Koga  Akira Matsuo  Daichi Chikazu  Shinichi Kawata  Masahiro Itoh 《Anatomical sciences education》2020,13(5):628-635

The purpose of this study was to assess the usefulness of saturated salt solution-embalmed cadavers for oral surgical skills training related to bone graft harvesting. Two half-day surgical skills training workshops were held at the Tokyo Medical University utilizing eight cadavers embalmed with the saturated salt solution. A total of 22 participants including oral surgeons, residents, and dentists attended the workshop. Surgical training consisted of six procedures related to intraoral and extraoral bone harvesting. The participants were surveyed to assess self-confidence levels for each surgical procedure before and after completion of each workshop. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the differences between each median score before and after the workshop. There were statistically significant increases in the self-assessed confidence scores in bone harvesting procedures for the zygomatic bone (P = 0.003), maxillary tuberosity (P = 0.002), and other sites (P < 0.001). The anatomical features of saturated salt solution-embalmed cadavers were also examined. The textures of the oral mucosa and skin were similar to those of living individuals. The structure of bone tissues was well-preserved and the hardness was realistic. Consequently, all procedures were performed with sufficient realism. The saturated salt solution method has a relatively low cost of preparation and storage, and almost no odor. The authors suggest that saturated salt solution-embalmed cadavers could provide a new model for oral surgical skills training in bone harvesting.  相似文献