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Decreasing government funding and regulated tuition policies have created a financially constrained environment for Canada’s universities. The conventional response to such conditions is to cut programme offerings and services in an attempt to lower costs throughout the institution. However, we argue that three Canadian universities have reacted with a different response. Instead of cutting costs, the University of Toronto, Queen’s University and the University of Lethbridge have chosen to implement decentralized budgeting and management structures in an attempt to increase efficiency and seek out new revenues. Using interview data and document analysis, this paper discusses the responses of these institutions and what they tell us about the strategies universities employ to cope with financial challenges that are likely to persist. 相似文献
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Carpes FP Diefenthaeler F Bini RR Stefanyshyn DJ Faria IE Mota CB 《Journal of sports sciences》2011,29(2):151-159
The purpose of this study was to investigate asymmetry of muscle activation in participants with different levels of experience and performance with cycling. Two separate experiments were conducted, one with nine cyclists and one with nine non-cyclists. The experiments involved incremental maximal and sub-maximal constant load cycling tests. Bilateral surface electromyography (EMG) and gross and net muscle efficiency were assessed. Analyses of variance in mixed linear models and t-tests were conducted. The cyclists in Experiment 1 presented higher gross efficiency (P < 0.05), whereas net efficiency did not differ between the two experiments (21.3 ± 1.4% and 19.8 ± 1.0% for cyclists and non-cyclists, respectively). The electrical muscle activity increased significantly with exercise intensity regardless of leg preference in both experiments. The coefficient of variation of EMG indicated main effects of leg in both experiments. The non-preferred leg of non-cyclists (Experiment 2) presented statistically higher variability of muscle activity in the gastrocnemius medialis and vastus lateralis. Our findings suggest similar electrical muscle activity between legs in both cyclists and non-cyclists regardless of exercise intensity. However, EMG variability was asymmetric and appears to be strongly influenced by exercise intensity for cyclists and non-cyclists, especially during sub-maximal intensity. Neural factors per se do not seem to fully explain previous reports of pedalling asymmetries. 相似文献
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Louis Poirier Edward P. Lozowski Sean Maw Darren J. Stefanyshyn Robert I. Thompson 《Sports Engineering》2011,14(2-4):67-72
We report the first derivation of the coefficient of friction between bobsleigh runners and ice from experimental measurements performed in a controlled environment. In a series of experiments on both horizontal ice and a track sloped at 6.80°, a radar gun was used to sample the speed of a moving sled in the range of (1–10) m/s at a sample rate of 31.25 Hz. The acceleration of the sled, and thus the coefficient of friction, was extracted from these data, with a value of (4.2 ± 0.9) × 10?3 for the coefficient of friction associated with a set of two-man bobsleigh runners. There was no detectable variation in the coefficient of friction with velocity at this range of speeds and experimental accuracy. This result improves our knowledge of this coefficient over currently accepted values determined from indirect measurements, and indicates that the coefficient is lower than the currently accepted range. 相似文献
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Applications of Achievement Goal Theory to Physical Education: Implications for Enhancing Motivation
Given the widespread concern regarding the motivation of students, the paucity of research in education on motivation enhancement is surprising (Arnes, 1992a; Maehr & Midgley, 1991). Recent research from an achievement goal perspective, however, has begun to address this issue. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the basic tenets of achievement goal theory and to analyze the research that has been conducted in physical education that focuses extensively on instructional practices and strategies that may improve the quality of school-age children's motivation. The paper will conclude by commenting on the potential utility of adopting an achievement goal approach to understanding and enhancing motivation in the physical education context. 相似文献
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Darren Cronshaw 《高等教育研究与发展》2020,39(1):53-66
ABSTRACTThis article explores where and how to re-value research in theological education. Robert Banks, an Australian biblical scholar and practical theologian, appealed for a re-envisioning of theological education including refocusing research with ‘missional’ application, not primarily serving academia, but also church and society. Excellent theological research values engagement and impact with local and global issues. This is consistent with a Practical Theology preference for application, and also a broader Mode 2 or triple helix impetus for academia to address government priorities and industry concerns, let alone the common good. To develop excellence in research that has value for society requires institutions and researchers to allocate time and resources, beginning with conceptualising research as important. It requires re-valuing of training and exercise of critical thinking and clear writing. Finally, it benefits from re-valuing of research collaboration, especially through academic networks and research centres. 相似文献
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As a growing number of disciplines adopt geospatial technologies in their research, the need for access to geospatial data, in a variety of formats, has grown dramatically. For librarians to meet this demand, we also need to provide preservation, curation, metadata, and discovery services. GeoHydra, our open source toolkit and set of practices, provides these services for Stanford's libraries. We incorporate a variety of geospatial content types from raster imagery to scientific vector data to georeferenced scanned maps, and provide a data model for repositories. We demonstrate the potential of a new architecture and practice for librarianship for geospatial data using the Hydra framework. The digitization and georeferencing of historic map collections, streamlining the acquisition and cataloging of vendor-supplied data, shared cataloging of geographic resources, and citation of geospatial research data are all examples of use cases that GeoHydra serves. Our metadata creation and management strategies implement the ISO (International Standards Organization) suite of geographic standards, and a specialized metadata schema for discovery. We developed XSLT transformations, auto-generation of core elements, unique URIs for place names, and cross-institutional data sharing. With these metadata we built a novel geoportal, EarthWorks, to provide end-user discovery for geospatial data layers using GeoBlacklight technology. 相似文献
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Darren Powell 《Sport, Education and Society》2015,20(1):73-88
In this article, I examine the practice of outsourcing physical education (PE) lessons to external sports organisations. I draw from ethnographic research conducted with two primary schools in New Zealand to illuminate how outsourcing interconnects with the privatisation of education. Using Foucault's notion of government, I demonstrate how schools’ employment of four outside providers worked to govern teachers towards certain ends. In addition, I drew on the analytical framework of the assemblage to examine how the dual notions of the inexpert classroom teacher and the expert outside provider converged with the discourse of ‘PE as sport’, neoliberalism, Kiwisport, National Standards, professional development and multi-sector partnerships to form a privatisation assemblage. I argue that the privatisation assemblage worked to restrict and constrain teachers’ possible thoughts and actions, making teachers’ ‘choice’ to outsource PE one that they understood as both pragmatic, in terms of time investment, and educationally valuable, in so far as they perceived themselves as lacking the requisite expertise. I also argue that outsourcing and the privatisation of PE is problematic as it did not necessarily work in the best interests of teachers or students. I suggest further research is necessary to interrogate and make visible how the disparate elements of the privatisation assemblage are made to hold together, as well as how the fragile connections between these elements may be placed under pressure. The notion that outside providers are expert PE teachers and classroom teachers are inexpert is a critical aspect of the assemblage that should be challenged and resisted. 相似文献
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This research examines how adolescent males (ages 16–17 years) construct and experience their masculine identities within the context of physical education (PE). A class of 23 boys and 3 girls from a state secondary school in Scotland were observed over a period of 3 months. During the third month, five of the observed pupils volunteered to take part in a conversation with the lead researcher which was guided by their participation in a repertory grid task. The same five participants also took part in a one-to-one semi-structured interview. The analysis of the evidence revealed that the adolescent pupils internalised and performed an orthodox form of masculinity that centred on strength, pain tolerance and the policing of others. More inclusive masculinities appeared to be emerging, however, the hypermasculine and public nature of the PE environment made it very difficult for the pupils to freely adopt or perform these alternative, more inclusive forms of masculinity. Additionally, pupils who did perform traits associated with inclusive masculinity often exhibited a high degree of social and physical capital. In order to facilitate a culture where all individuals feel free to express their gendered identities, teachers are encouraged to recognise, promote and celebrate multiple masculinities. This could create a safer learning environment for pupils and help prevent identities from being ‘destroyed’ in PE. 相似文献