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Multilevel covariance structure analysis was used to compare two theoretical models that have been proposed to explain the relation between job demand and job control on nursing performance. A key feature of both models is that high job demand and low job control influences the nurses mood state (or state of stress), and this results in reduced nursing performance. Objective measures of job demand and level of control were collected at the level of the hospital ward; measures of perceived job demand, job control, mood state, and nursing performance related to individual nurses within each ward. The modeling provided evidence that both perceived job demand and perceived job control influenced both anxiety and emotional exhaustion, enabling us to reject 1 of the proposed models. 相似文献
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Rob Steen 《Sport in Society》2016,19(2):254-266
At the Heysel Stadium in Brussels in 1985, 39 Juventus supporters were killed, primarily as a consequence of a charge by drunken opposition fans. Four years later, at Hillsborough, Sheffield, more than twice as many spectators were crushed to death, primarily as a result of police contempt for the hooligan minority. That both tragedies involved Liverpool followers – 96 of whom died at Hillsborough – is the unhappiest, most divisive and most problematic of coincidences. Yet while it would be naïve, at best, to deny any other connection, the long-running inquiry into the Hillsborough tragedy has bred denial about Heysel, and not exclusively among Liverpool supporters. Further hampered by the reluctance of Juventus to desecrate the club’s first European Cup final triumph by reopening old wounds, debate has been stifled. To suggest that the fatal charge at Heysel might have contributed to the unconscionable behaviour of the police at Hillsborough, or that the fences that contributed so heavily to the deaths would not have been there but for pitch invasions, is to wade into toxic waters. Written to commemorate the 30th anniversary of the Heysel tragedy, this paper investigates the various ‘truths’, interviews witnesses and addresses the inherent contradictions of ‘The Tragedy That Dare Not Speak Its Name’. 相似文献
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Shukhan Ng Brennan R. Payne Allison A. Steen Elizabeth A. L. Stine-Morrow Kara D. Federmeier 《Scientific Studies of Reading》2017,21(5):359-375
We employed self-paced reading and event-related potential measures to investigate how adults of varying literacy levels use sentence context information when reading. Community-dwelling participants read strongly and weakly constraining sentences that ended with expected or unexpected target words. Skilled readers showed N400s that were graded by the cloze probability of the targets, with larger N400s for more unexpected words. Moreover, it took these participants longer to read unexpected targets in strongly than weakly constraining sentences, suggesting a processing cost for revising predictions. Among less skilled readers, a reliable N400 difference was found between expected and unexpected targets only for the strongly constraining sentences. They also took longer when targets were unexpected, regardless of the context. These findings suggest that lower literacy readers could only immediately take advantage of strongly constraining context information to facilitate word processing and that they do not make as much use of predictive processing during comprehension. 相似文献
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Reading performance of 46 poor readers was compared with that of 20 normal control readers. All subjects were second grade
children. In Experiment 1 two matching word lists were presented under two conditions: one version of the test was read in
the upright position and the other inverted. In Experiment 2 the eye movements of all subjects were recorded during reading
of two meaningful sentences in the normal and inverted position. While the controls were negatively influenced by inversion
of the text, the poor readers showed a variety of responses. Overall, the poor readers showed a slight tendency to be better
at reading in the inverted position when the text must be scanned from right to left. An individual analysis of the data revealed
that in 28.3% of the poor readers inverted reading improved performance at least 15 %, a phenomenon found in none of the controls. 相似文献
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Steen Hyldgaard Christensen Erik Ernø-Kjølhede 《European Journal of Engineering Education》2008,33(5-6):561-571
Philosophy of technology/philosophy of science has recently become part of the curriculum of engineering degree programmes in Denmark. However, to what extent do teachers of engineering see it as meaningful for students to work with relatively abstract philosophical concepts such as epistemology, ontology and ethics as part of engineering degree programmes? And what, if any, are the complexities and difficulties in implementing philosophical questioning into engineering curricula? Do teachers tend to see philosophy of science as a kind of ‘Trojan horse’ – an unwelcome idea that will defocus engineering degree courses and steal time from more important subjects? Or do they see it as a necessary and welcome addition to engineering curricula that will result in more qualified and free-thinking engineering graduates? Subsequently these issues are discussed in the light of findings in an empirical case study carried out by the authors at their Institute. 相似文献
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This paper analyses path dependence and path creation in firm innovation focusing on the effect of cognitive frames and organisational processes. A Northern European medical device firm is analysed through a detailed assessment of the structural and processual elements of cognitive path dependence. Cognitive schemas are analysed through development of ideal typical views on innovation and through an investigation of two specific innovation projects.Drawing on sensemaking and actor network theory the paper adds to the literature in three respects. First, it provides a more systematic analysis than available in the existing literature of how cognitive frames enable and constrain firm innovation. Second, it presents an empirical analysis that contributes to a differentiation of the concept of path dependence, distinguishing between innovative path dependence and technological path dependence. Third, the paper analyses the timing of constraints and path dependence. In the cases studied the innovation approach frames the innovation problem and constraints in relation to technologies have an impact on the innovation processes later, after new technologies have been thoroughly researched.The paper illustrates how the case firm is cognitively locked into an innovation path focused on generating ever-new product versions on different technological platforms, regardless of cannibalisation among the firm's different product versions. Despite the cognitive lock-in to an innovation path the firm is unconstrained in its choice of technological platforms and paths. Firms’ innovation processes may thus simultaneously be characterised by unrestrained search processes and myopic behaviour. 相似文献
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Steen Beck Dion Russelbaek Hansen 《美中教育评论》2009,6(8):1-16
Danish upper-secondary school is currently undergoing remarkable changes. Comprehensive reforms and restructuring have transformed teacher roles and school organization. However, not all upper-secondary teachers welcome reform： on the one hand, they have to adopt norms, standards and values determined by colleagues, if they want to ＂fit in＂; on the other hand, they are confronted by governmental and educational claims, but also their own interest in doing things differently. This paper analyzes generational differences and similarities in the post-reform school in regard to leaming values and the competence discourse, which are an important part of the reform discourse. In addition, it explores the dilemmas which arise for young teachers their understanding of practical and theoretical teacher training. This paper combines theoretical approaches with data analysis being both quantitative and qualitative. Finally, this paper discusses team work as an important means to make dialogue between teacher generations possible and to enhance reflection on the relationship between practice and theory. 相似文献