排序方式： 共有64条查询结果，搜索用时 31 毫秒
31.
Hiroyuki Odagiri 《Research Policy》1985,14(3):117-130
The contribution of R & D expenditures to the productivity increase in Japanese manufacturing industries is investigated. With a popular single-equation approach, this contribution was found to be not only significant in all of the three periods, (1960–1966, 1966–1973 and 1973–1977), but also to exceed that estimated for the United States. However, when a simulataneous-equations approach was used to allow for an interaction between the learning effect (output growth enhancing productivity increase through the accumulation of experience) and the price effect (productivity increase stimulating output growth through a declining price), the results suggested not only the importance of these two effects but also the over-evaluation of the contribution of R & D in the usual ordinary least-squares estimation. 相似文献
32.
This paper purports to study the contribution of R&D at home and abroad to the firm’s inventive activity, using a sample of 137 Japanese multinationals. The empirical analysis relates the number of inventions in Japan and that in the US, as measured by the number of patents issued by the USPTO, to the parent’s R&D, the US subsidiaries’ R&D, the presence of R&D in Europe, the firm’s experience in the US, entry mode, and industry dummies. In addition, to study the subsidiary’s role in sourcing local technological knowledge, we construct indices of local technological strength of the state in which the subsidiary is located. The results, most importantly, indicate that these indices positively contribute to inventions at home and in the US among Type R firms, whose R&D subsidiaries mainly aim to research, suggesting that knowledge sourcing is an important function of these subsidiaries and locational choice is important for this purpose. These results do not hold among Type S firms, whose R&D subsidiaries mainly aim to support local manufacturing and sales activities. 相似文献
33.
Imai M Li L Haryu E Okada H Hirsh-Pasek K Golinkoff RM Shigematsu J 《Child development》2008,79(4):979-1000
When can children speaking Japanese, English, or Chinese map and extend novel nouns and verbs? Across 6 studies, 3‐ and 5‐year‐old children in all 3 languages map and extend novel nouns more readily than novel verbs. This finding prevails even in languages like Chinese and Japanese that are assumed to be verb‐friendly languages (e.g., T. Tardif, 1996 ). The results also suggest that the input language uniquely shapes verb learning such that English‐speaking children require grammatical support to learn verbs, whereas Chinese children require pragmatic as well as grammatical support. This research bears on how universally shared cognitive factors and language‐specific linguistic factors interact in lexical development. 相似文献
34.
Hiroyuki Numata 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》2003,49(1-2):241-264
The discovery of the proper value of childhood during the 18th century in Europe was an important break-through. People began to respect childhood as a sacred world that should not be judged from the standpoint of adults. However, in today' world many children are subjected to all kinds of physical and mental pain, including the so-called examination hell in some Asian countries. Children now live in a paradoxical situation. Theoretically they have obtained the right to enjoy their own world, approved and protected by adults, but in practice they cannot adapt themselves smoothly to the world mainly ruled by the logic of grown-ups. This paper argues that it is time to re-evaluate what has been lost under the slogan of modernisation. The solution is not simply to return to the pre-modern situation but rather to consider what elements from the past could be re-activated to the benefit of children today. 相似文献
35.
Masafumi Koyama Kazuhiro Morita Masao Fuketa Jun-Ichi Aoe 《Information processing & management》1998,34(6):761-773
Case structures are useful for natural language systems, such as word selection of machine translation systems, query understanding of natural language interfaces, meaning disambiguation of sentences and context analyses and so on. The case slot is generally constrained by hierarchical concepts because they are simple knowledge representations. With growing hierarchical structures, they are deeper and the number of concepts to be corresponded to one word increases. From these reasons, it takes a lot of cost to determine whether a concept for a given word is a sub-concept for concepting the case slot or not. This paper presents a faster method to determine the hierarchical relationships by using trie structures. The worst-case time complexity of determining relationships by the presented method could be remarkably improved for the one of linear (or sequential) searching, which depends on the number of concepts in the slot. From the simulation result, it is shown that the presented algorithm is 6 to 30 times faster than linear searching, while keeping the smaller size of tries. 相似文献
36.
Understanding the biological feeding strategy and characteristics of a microorganism as an actuator requires the detailed and quantitative measurement of flow velocity and flow rate induced by the microorganism. Although some velocimetry methods have been applied to examine the flow, the measured dimensions were limited to at most two-dimensional two-component measurements. Here we have developed a method to measure three-dimensional two-component flow velocity fields generated by the microorganism Vorticella picta using a piezoscanner and a confocal microscope. We obtained the two-component velocities of the flow field in a two-dimensional plane denoted as the XY plane, with an observation area of 455×341 μm2 and the resolution of 9.09 μm per each velocity vector by a confocal microparticle image velocimetry technique. The measurement of the flow field at each height took 37.5 ms, and it was repeated in 16 planes with a 2.50 μm separation in the Z direction. We reconstructed the three-dimensional two-component flow velocity field. From the reconstructed data, the flow velocity field [u(x,y,z),v(x,y,z)] in an arbitrary plane can be visualized. The flow rates through YZ and ZX planes were also calculated. During feeding, we examined a suction flow to the mouth of the Vorticella picta and measured it to be to 300 pl∕s. 相似文献
37.
Detailed time-series of the resultant joint moments and segmental interactions during soccer instep kicking were compared between the preferred and non-preferred kicking leg. The kicking motions of both legs were captured for five highly skilled players using a three-dimensional cinematographic technique at 200 Hz. The resultant joint moment (muscle moment) and moment due to segmental interactions (interaction moment) were computed using a two-link kinetic chain model composed of the thigh and lower leg (including shank and foot). The mechanical functioning of the muscle and interaction moments during kicking were clearly illustrated. Significantly greater ball velocity (32.1 vs. 27.1 m . s(-1)), shank angular velocity (39.4 vs. 31.8 rad . s(-1)) and final foot velocity (22.7 vs. 19.6 m . s(-1)) were observed for the preferred leg. The preferred leg showed a significantly greater knee muscle moment (129.9 N . m) than the non-preferred leg (93.5 N . m), while no substantial differences were found for the interaction moment between the two legs (79.3 vs. 55.7 N . m). These results indicate that the highly skilled soccer players achieved a well-coordinated inter-segmental motion for both the preferred and non-preferred leg. The faster leg swing observed for the preferred leg was most likely the result of the larger muscle moment. 相似文献
38.
In contemporary education policy, simplified technical accounts of policy problems and solutions are being produced with the use of numeric calculations. These calculations are seen as clear and unbiased, capable of revealing “what works” and identifying “best practices.” In this piece, the authors use resources from the material-semiotic approach of actor-network theory to discuss how calculations have begun to serve as a subtle infrastructure underpinning the way we understand and organise our world. They demonstrate the usefulness of the approach in tracing the technicisation of policy by deploying it to qualitative studies of like-school comparisons in the two unexpectedly linked locations—New York City and Australia. The authors reveal how technical accounts are precarious and need constant maintenance to endure, even as they increasingly becoming routine, curtailing the policy imagination and limiting the spaces of contestation. It is for this reason, they argue, that a deeper understanding and sustained critique of such accounts is of pressing importance. 相似文献
39.
Muraki Y Ae M Yokozawa T Koyama H 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2005,4(1):1-15
The aim of this study was to establish the functions of the support leg in the long jump take-off with a three-element mechanical model spring, damper, and actuator The take-off motions of eleven male long jumpers, with personal bests from 6.45 to 7.99 m, were videotaped at 250 Hz and ground reaction forces were simultaneously recorded at 1 kHz. A two-dimensional 14-segment linked model was used to collect basic kinematic parameters. The spring, damper and actuator forces were determined from the displacement and velocity of the centre of mass and from ground reaction forces. Large spring and damper forces were exerted, and absorbed the impact force immediately after the touch-down. The spring force was also exerted from 25 to 75% of the take-off phase. The actuator force was dominant in the latter two-thirds of the take-off phase. Statistically significant correlations were found between the spring force impulse and the knee flexion during the take-off phase (r = 0.699, p < 0.05), and between the knee flexion and the angular velocity of the thigh at the touch-down (r = 0.726, p < 0.05). These results indicated that the jumper should retain less flexion of the take-off leg knee to increase the spring force, after a fast extension of the hip, and use a more extended knee at the touch-down to prevent excessive knee flexion. 相似文献
40.
Yamada H 《Child development》2004,75(1):164-179
Sixty-four Japanese mothers of 3- to 6-year-olds were interviewed concerning their conceptions of children's areas of personal control. Mothers granted children choices regarding recreational activities, clothes, and friends to foster autonomy and competence, but they set limits around daily routines, recreational activities, and interpersonal confrontation based on moral, conventional, and prudential concerns. Mothers believed in reaffirming children's personal boundaries when children failed to follow through with their initial decisions. Mothers experienced conflict with children around daily routines and recreational activities and used various resolution strategies. Mothers perceived child resistance as egocentric whereas fewer considered it as establishing personal boundaries. Some age and gender differences were observed. Results supported the heterogeneity of social judgments and practices of individuals within cultures. 相似文献