Rob Kling Remembered: The Early Beginnings of Social Analysis of Computing in the URBIS Project 1     

Kenneth L. Kraemer 《The Information Society》2013,29(2):85-89

This article challenges conventional policy development and evaluation approaches that emphasize the instrumental side of technology. There is a growing gap between conventional planning and evaluation approaches for rural broadband ICTs that seek to demonstrate a direct link between investments and results on the one hand, and on the other, with evidence that the contribution of ICTs to rural economic, social and cultural wellbeing is increasingly difficult to demonstrate beyond short-term measurable indicators. The article proposes an alternative paradigm based on sociotechnical systems, stakeholder engagement, an acknowledgment of the multiple dimensions at play, and the growing evidence of unpredictability of ICTs. The article emphasizes a perspective based on “contribution,” not attribution; policymaking that is both adaptive and inclusive of multiple perspectives; methodological testing of emerging evaluation methodologies; and projects as learning experiments. This alternative theoretical and policymaking paradigm is encapsulated in a metaphor based on the management of natural resources where stakeholders track their own indicators of impact by reading how the system responds to a project intervention.  相似文献   

Environment and Policy Factors Shaping Global E-Commerce Diffusion: A Cross-Country Comparison     

Jennifer Gibbs  Kenneth L. Kraemer  Jason Dedrick 《The Information Society》2013,29(1):5-18

This article examines the key global, environmental and policy factors that act as determinants of e-commerce diffusion. It is based on systematic comparison of case studies from 10 countries--Brazil, China, Denmark, France, Germany, Mexico, Japan, Singapore, Taiwan, and the United States. It finds that B2B e-commerce seems to be driven by global forces, whereas B2C seems to be more of a local phenomenon. A preliminary explanation for this difference is that B2B is driven by global competition and MNCs that "push" e-commerce to their global suppliers, customers, and subsidiaries. This in turn creates pressures on local companies to adopt e-commerce to stay competitive. In contrast, B2C is "pulled" by consumer markets, which are mainly local and therefore divergent. While all consumers desire convenience and low prices, consumer preferences and values, national culture, and distribution systems differ markedly across countries and define differences in local consumer markets. These findings support the transformation perspective about globalization and its impacts. In terms of policy, the case studies suggest that enabling policies such as trade and telecommunications liberalization are likely to have the biggest impact on e-commerce, by making ICT and Internet access more affordable to firms and consumers, and increasing pressure on firms to adopt e-commerce to compete. Specific e-commerce legislation appears not to have as big an impact, although inadequate protection for both buyers and sellers in some countries suggests that mechanisms need to be developed to ensure greater confidence in doing business online.  相似文献   

Introduction to the Special Issue on “The Legacy of Rob Kling: Social Informatics as a Research Discipline”     

Margaret S. Elliott  Kenneth L. Kraemer 《The Information Society》2013,29(4):203-204

Drawing on Jones's ethical model and Ajzen's theory of planned behavior, this study proposes and tests an integrative model for the decision-making process underlying software piracy. Survey data collected from computer users in Guangzhou, China, in accordance with two software piracy scenarios under study—end user piracy and software counterfeiting—provide general support for the model. Consistent with major propositions of the theory of planned behavior, the findings show that Chinese computer users’ perceived moral intensity of software piracy significantly affects their corresponding moral recognition, judgment, and intention in both scenarios. Moreover, a direct influence of moral judgment on attitude toward software piracy is found in both scenarios. With regard to end-user piracy specifically, the findings further echo the theory of planned behavior by demonstrating a direct influence of attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control on intention to pirate. As in the case of software counterfeiting, the findings, however, show that only attitude and subjective norm but not perceived behavioral control significantly influence this intention. Implications derived from this study suggest the potential to synthesize ethical and general social psychological concepts to explain software piracy behavior, and also furnish insights on how to deter software piracy in China.  相似文献   

Letter from Rob Kling, Editor-in-Chief and Guest Editors Kenneth L. Kraemer and Jason Dedrick     

Rob Kling  Kenneth Kraemer  Jason Dedrick 《The Information Society》2003,19(1):1-3

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Matching-to-sample performance by pigeons trained with visual-duration compound samples     

Philipp J. Kraemer  Karen L. Roper 《Learning & behavior》1992,20(1):33-40

Pigeons were trained on duration matching-to-sample in which each of four combinations of signal type (red or white light) and duration (2 or 10 see) was mapped onto a different choice stimulus. Probe trials in Experiments 1 and 2 involved a successive presentation of two duration samples. In each experiment, birds tended to summate two durations when the same signal was presented twice, but not when two different signals appeared. These results contrast with those reported by Spetch and Sinha (1989), who found a summation effect with both same-signal and different-signal compounds. In Experiment 3, pigeons chose among two alternatives which were both associated with the duration of the sample but of which only one was also associated with the signal type of the sample. Pigeons systematically chose the stimulus that matched both sample duration and signal type. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of transfer of training and coding of event duration.  相似文献   

服装单词填一填     

WJ 《英语辅导》2017,(1)

同学们,天冷了,要记得穿够衣服保暖哟。关于衣服,大家了解多少呢？关于衣物的英文单词又知道多少呢？赶紧来填一填,测试一下吧！  相似文献   

Entrepreneurship, Flexibility, and Policy Coordination: Taiwan's Computer Industry     

Kenneth L. Kraemer 《The Information Society》1996,12(3):215-249

In just 15 years, Taiwan has emerged as a leading producer of hardware for nearly every major computer vendor in the world, despite little previous experience in high technology industries. By 1995, Taiwan ranked fourth in the world in computer hardware production and exports through its strategy of being a 'fast follower.' Taiwan's success in the computer industry has been due to a coordinated government strategy to support private entrepreneurship by a large number of small, flexible, innovative companies. Taiwan's computer companies have responded rapidly and effectively to continuing changes in the international market and avoided many of the problems encountered by their counterparts in Japan and South Korea in recent years. They have done so by emphasizing close supplier relationships with multinational computer companies all over the world as a means of promoting exports and keeping apprised of market conditions. They continue to show great adaptability as Taiwan's computer industry moves toward diversification both upstream and downstream, full-service OEM (original equipment manufacturing) for multinationals, and industry consolidation for scale economies. The government has closely complemented the efforts of industry by carrying out research and development and transferring technology to the private sector, by conducting market intelligence for private sector use, and by providing engineering and technical manpower. As a result, Taiwan is probably Asia's best positioned country for continued success in the global computer industry.  相似文献   

The influence of cue type and configuration upon radial-maze performance in the rat     

Philipp J. Kraemer  Mary E. Gilbert  Nancy K. Innis 《Learning & behavior》1983,11(3):373-380

The influence of cue type and cue configuration on radial-maze performance in rats was examined in two experiments. In the first experiment, it was found that rats provided with both salient intramaze and extramaze cues acquired the task faster than rats given only one set of cues. No difference in acquisition was found between a group trained with intramaze cues alone and a group trained with extramaze cues alone. In a cue-preference test, it was found that groups that had been trained with extramaze cues, intramaze cues, or both sets of cues relied on extra-maze cues to avoid visited arms when given both types of cues concurrently. When all groups were transferred to intramaze-cue-alone trials, only the group that had been originally trained with extramaze cues alone showed any disruption. Also, during the second half of the intramaze-cue-alone trials, the arrangement of these cues was randomly changed on each trial. This disruption in cue configuration did not deleteriously affect performance in any of the three groups; all remained above chance performance, although the performance of the group originally trained with extramaze cues alone was inferior to that of the other two groups. In Experiment 2, groups of rats were trained on daily alternating trials under intramaze-cue-alone and extramaze-cue-alone conditions. For one group, the configuration of intramaze cues was altered randomly on each trial; the other group had intramaze cues always presented in the same configuration over trials. It was found that acquisition was more rapid on intramaze trials in the group given static configurations. Also, acquisition of the extramaze task was faster than the intramaze task in the group given variable intramaze cue configurations. No difference was found between the intramaze and extramaze conditions in the group given static intramaze cue configurations. These data suggest that a static cue configuration may influence radial maze performance, but is not a necessary condition for such performance.  相似文献   

The effect of nonreinforced stimulus exposure on the strength of a conditioned taste aversion as a function of retention interval: Do latent inhibition and extinction involve a shared process?     

Philipp J. Kraemer  Norman E. Spear 《Learning & behavior》1992,20(1):1-7

Two experiments examined the effects of nonreinforced flavor exposure on the strength of a conditioned taste aversion. Rats were conditioned by pairing maple flavor with LiC1. Prior to or subsequent to this pairing, some animals received nonreinforced exposure to either maple or saccharin. In separate subjects, preference for maple was tested 1 or 21 days after the last training episode. In the first experiment, the nonreinforced stimulus exposure occurred before conditioning (latent inhibition, or LI, procedure); in the second experiment, the nonreinforced exposure occurred after conditioning (extinction, or EXT, training). In both experiments, nonreinforced exposure to maple or saccharin reduced the magnitude of a conditioned maple aversion when testing occurred soon after conditioning. When testing was delayed, however, the attenuation due to nonreinforced saccharin exposure dissipated, both with the LI procedure and with EXT. In contrast, the nonreinforced exposure to maple was found to attenuate conditioned reactions at both short and long retention intervals. The release from generalized LI and spontaneous recovery following generalized EXT training are discussed in terms of retrieval processing. The possibility that the same mechanism may underlie LI and EXT is considered.  相似文献   

Recognition memory for lists of visual stimuli in monkeys and humans     

William A. Roberts  Philipp J. Kraemer 《Learning & behavior》1981,9(4):587-594

In Experiment 1, short-term memory for lists of visual stimuli was studied in four squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). A delayed-matching procedure was used in which a subject was presented with lists containing one, three, or six stimulus patterns, and memory for serial positions was probed by requiring the subject to choose between a list item and a nonlist item. The rate of item presentation was varied, as was the delay between the final item on a list and the retention test. In Experiment 2, the same procedures were used to compare recognition memory in four monkeys and four humans. Although differences in the levels and shapes of the serial-position curves appeared between species, both monkeys and humans showed primacy and recency effects. The presentation time of stimuli had a negligible effect on performance in both monkeys and humans, whereas delay significantly affected human retention but not monkey retention.  相似文献