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Krzysztof Czarnecki 《Higher Education》2018,76(3):501-518
This article investigates the consequences of an expansion of domestic university places in Australia after 2009 for inequalities in access to tertiary education. I focused on how different individual-level socioeconomic factors were influencing not only the likelihood of continuing education at the tertiary level but also a type of institution one studies at. Thus, I simultaneously analyse vertical and horizontal dimensions of inequalities in access. The expansion has not dramatically changed the differentiated access within different socioeconomic groups. However, the influence of parental education and secondary school context on continuing education has weakened. But those who have benefited the most are young people from upper service class. They not only approach near-universal access faster than other social classes but also improve their relative chances to study at the most prestigious institutions. Controlling for academic ability at the age of 15 showed that socioeconomic background continuous to matter after that age. This means that student-oriented equity policies undertaken closer to the point of transition to tertiary education have a capacity to decrease educational inequalities. Results are discussed against the background of the current higher education policy trends regarding equity in access. 相似文献
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Cieszczyk P Ostanek M Leońska-Duniec A Sawczuk M Maciejewska A Eider J Ficek K Sygit K Kotarska K 《Journal of sports sciences》2012,30(1):31-35
The aims of this study were to determine the distribution of the AMPD1 genotype among groups of high-level Polish power-oriented athletes, and to investigate potential associations between genetic polymorphism in exon 2 of the AMPD1 gene and power-oriented athlete status. Altogether, 158 male Polish power-oriented athletes were genotyped by PCR-RFLP. The genetic control group comprised 160 unrelated male volunteers. We observed significant differences in genotype distribution when all 158 athletes (89.25% CC, 10.75% CT, 0.00% TT; P = 0.0025) were compared with controls (75.00% CC, 23.75% CT, 1.25% TT). A significant deficiency of the T allele was noted in all subgroups (short-distance runners: 5.21%, P = 0.032; short-distance swimmers: 5.56%, P = 0.031; weightlifters: 5.36%, P = 0.024) compared with controls (13.13%), while this trend was even stronger when the frequency of the T allele was compared between controls and all 158 athletes (5.38%, P = 0.0007). Our results indicate a lower frequency of the AMPD1 exon 2 T34 allele in elite Polish power-oriented athletes. Our data suggest that the C allele may help athletes to attain elite status in power-oriented sports. 相似文献
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The expenses associated with supplementary professional training for employees should be partially reimbursed by their employers. Companies that have a strategy providing for investment in human capital do so. The benefits to the company include independence from the labour market and the potential for the long‐term management of its social resources. Outlays for employee training, however, will become investments only when the enterprise in question meets certain conditions regarding the co‐ordination of such activities. 相似文献
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Ruszkowska B Sokup A Kulwas A Socha MW Góralczyk K Góralczyk B Rość D 《Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B》2012,13(1):35-42
Objective
In postmenopausal women, an increased leptin concentration and reduced levels of ghrelin and adiponectin were observed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the concentrations of the active form of ghrelin, total ghrelin, leptin receptor, lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)), and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) in postmenopausal women who received oral or transdermal menopausal hormonal therapy (MHT). 相似文献27.
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Krzysztof Kusy Jacek Zieliński Łucja Pilaczyńska-Szcześniak 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(15):1656-1664
AbstractThere are no studies available that portray insulin sensitivity and β-cell function in ageing sprint-trained athletes. We compared male young and master sprint-trained athletes to endurance-trained and untrained individuals. We hypothesised that ageing sprint-trained athletes would preserve insulin sensitivity and β-cell function at a level similar to that of endurance-trained peers and better than in untrained individuals. We showed the associations between age and parameters derived from the updated Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA2 model) in 52 sprint-trained track and field athletes (aged 20?90 years), 85 endurance runners (20?80 years) and 55 untrained individuals (20?70 years). Fasting glucose, fasting insulin, insulin sensitivity and β-cell function were not associated with age in sprint-trained athletes. These variables remained relatively stable across a wide range of age and comparable to those observed in endurance-trained athletes. In contrast, the untrained group showed considerable age-related increase in fasting insulin and β-cell activity and a strong decrease in insulin sensitivity compared to both athletic groups. HOMA2 parameters were significantly related to maximal oxygen in the combined group of participants. In summary, chronic training based on a “sprint model” of physical activity, that contains mixed exercise, seems to be effective in maintaining normal insulin sensitivity with ageing. 相似文献
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Xiang HU Dominika SOBOTKA Krzysztof CZERWIONKA Qi ZHOU Li XIE Jacek MAKINIA 《Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B》2018,(4)
目的:考察两种不同性质的外加碳源(乙酸钠和乙醇)在三种不同的电子受体(溶解氧、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐)条件下对聚磷菌和异养菌的影响机制。创新点:系统研究了乙酸钠和乙醇这两种外加碳源在溶解氧、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐三种不同电子受体条件下的释磷、吸磷及反硝化过程。方法:利用具有脱氮除磷功能的活性污泥,开展了一系列一阶段批次试验和两阶段批次试验。一阶段批次试验包括厌氧释磷试验、好氧吸磷试验、硝酸盐及亚硝酸盐利用速率(NUR)试验。两阶段批次试验包括厌氧/好氧试验、厌氧/缺氧试验。通过改变外加碳源的投加条件,如投加类型(乙酸钠和乙醇)、投加环境(厌氧、好氧和缺氧)、缺氧区电子受体(硝酸盐及亚硝酸盐),考察两种不同类型的外加碳源在不同电子受体条件下对除磷和脱氮过程的影响。结论:(1)当乙酸钠作为外加碳源时,在溶解氧、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐三种不同电子受体条件下均发生了释磷,释磷速率分别为1.70、7.80和3.50 mg P/(g MLVSS·h)。当乙醇作为外加碳源时,三种电子受体条件下均未发现有释磷。(2)无论乙酸钠还是乙醇作为外加碳源,未经驯化的活性污泥聚磷菌均不能利用亚硝酸盐作为电子受体,25 mg NO2-N/L的亚硝酸盐完全抑制了吸磷过程的进行。(3)以硝酸盐作为电子受体时,乙酸钠和乙醇的NUR值分别为2.3和1.5 mg N/(g MLVSS·h),比亚硝酸盐作电子受体的NUR值(分别为1.2和1.0 mg N/(g MLVSS·h))分别高出92%和50%。乙酸钠作为碳源的NUR值总是比相同条件下以乙醇作为碳源的NUR值高。 相似文献
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Jázef LUBZCZ 《浙江大学学报(A卷英文版)》2008,9(10):1309-1317
This paper presents an analytical saturation throughput model of IEEE 802.11DCF （distributed coordination function） with basic access in ad hoc mode. The model takes into account freezing of the backofftimer when a station senses busy channel. It is shown that taking into account this feature of DCF is important in modeling saturation throughput by yielding more accurate and realistic results than models known from literature. The proposed analytical model also takes into account the effect of transmission errors. All essential features of the proposed analytical approach are illustrated with numerical results. The presen- tation of the model is proceeded by an overview of approaches to IEEE 802.11 network performance evaluation presented in the literature. 相似文献