VI. GIRLS' AND BOYS' LABOR AND HOUSEHOLD CHORES IN LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES     

Diane L. Putnick  Marc H. Bornstein 《Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development》2016,81(1):104-122

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Teachers’ beliefs systems about improving transfer of algebraic skills from mathematics into physics in senior pre-university education     

Süleyman Turşucu  Jeroen Spandaw  Steven Flipse  Geurt Jongbloed  Marc J. de Vries 《International Journal of Science Education》2018,40(12):1493-1519

Senior pre-university education (SPE) students experience difficulties applying mathematics to physics. This paper reports the outcome of an online explorative quantitative study of teachers' belief systems about improving transfer of algebraic skills from mathematics into physics, conducted among 503 mathematics and physics teachers working in SPE. We used a questionnaire with 16 beliefs about improving transfer, and asked teachers to select a top 5 and distribute 50 points among them. We used agglomerative hierarchical clustering to cluster qualified SPE teachers with more than 10 years of teaching experience. We found 3 large clusters, each containing naïve and desirable beliefs about transfer. These clusters turned out to be rather coherent sets of beliefs. Hence, these clusters can be interpreted as belief systems, to a certain extent justifying Ernest's [(1991). The philosophy of mathematics education. London: Falmer.] idea to cluster teachers based on their belief systems. We found relations between our groups and those of Ernest. Since naïve beliefs turn out to be weak in each cluster, science teacher educators can help science teachers to change their harmful naïve beliefs, into desirable transfer enhancing beliefs. Furthermore, we discuss some implications of our results for science teacher educators, curricula, teachers and textbooks.  相似文献   

A fine-grained account of Prolog execution for teaching and debugging     

Marc Eisenstadt  Mike Brayshaw 《Instructional Science》1990,19(4-5):407-436

A clear and consistent execution model of any programming language can lay the foundations not only for a good leaming experience, but also for a smoother design/edit/run/debug cycle. In this paper, we describe our attempt to construct precisely such a model for the logic programming language Prolog, based upon a notational extension of logic programming's traditional AND/OR trees. Our extension, called the AORTA diagram, is an And/OR Tree, Augmented to include invocation history status boxes at each node. This augmentation makes it possible to present a graphical view of Prolog execution which is very compact, yet which contains complete details of unification and control history, including multiple (backtracking) invocations and extra-logical features such as the cut. The paper describes our fine-grained view of Prolog execution in detail, and argues that this fine-grained view can readily be integrated into a coarse-grained model such as thatrequired for understanding the execution of very large programs. Indeed, our notation is already in use across a range of media, including textbook diagrams, video animations, and a graphical tracing and debugging facility running on modem graphics workstations.  相似文献   

Relations between early reading and writing skills among Spanish-speaking language minority children     

J. Marc Goodrich  Amber L. Farrington  Christopher J. Lonigan 《Reading and writing》2016,29(2):297-319

Although there is a growing body of literature on the development of reading skills of Spanish-speaking language minority children, little research has focused on the development of writing skills in this population. This study evaluated whether children’s Spanish early reading skills (i.e., print knowledge, phonological awareness, oral language) were related to their Spanish and English early writing skills using a sample of 554 children whose home language was Spanish. Multivariate regression analyses with simultaneous outcomes (Spanish and English invented spelling skills) were conducted to evaluate whether children’s early reading and writing skills were related across languages. Results indicated that children’s print knowledge and phonological awareness skills, but not oral language skills, were significantly related to their Spanish and English invented spelling skills. Spanish early literacy skills were not differentially related to Spanish and English reading and writing skills. The magnitude of the relations between print knowledge and oral language skills and children’s invented spelling skills varied as a function of child age; however, the magnitude of the relation between phonological awareness and invented spelling skills did not differ as a function of child age. Furthermore, results suggested that language minority children’s early reading and writing skills are related but distinct constructs and that children may be able to apply information gained from learning to read and write in their first language when learning to write in their second language.  相似文献   

Brain Processes in Mothers and Nulliparous Women in Response to Cry in Different Situational Contexts: A Default Mode Network Study     

Paola Rigo  Gianluca Esposito  Marc H. Bornstein  Nicola De Pisapia  Corinna Manzardo  Paola Venuti 《Parenting, science and practice》2019,19(1-2):69-85

SYNOPSIS

Objective: In everyday life, parents must respond to and interact with children while in different situational contexts. How situational contexts influence parents’ responses has not been systematically studied. Here we investigated mothers’ versus nonmothers’ neural responses to infant vocalizations in different situations with different task demands. Design: Using fMRI in 21 women (10 mothers), we explored the effects of being distracted by self-oriented (self-referential decisions about personality adjectives) versus goal-oriented (syllabic counting of personality adjectives) tasks while listening to infant cry in comparison with other emotional sounds (infant laughing, adult crying) on the activity of two medial nodes of the Default Mode Network (DMN): the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). Results: In the self-oriented task while listening to infant cry, both mothers and nulliparas showed (weak) activation of the DMN; this response likely reflects a shift of attention from the task to the cry. In the goal-oriented task, mothers, not nulliparas, showed (weak) activation of the DMN; this result is compatible with interference of emotional sounds while attending to a goal-oriented task, an activity that deactivates the DMN. Conclusions: Mothers are prone to process infant cry and emotional sounds and are less distracted from doing so by situational contexts, demonstrating their greater sensitivity to emotional sounds such as cry. By contrast, situational context influenced brain responses to infant sounds in nulliparas.  相似文献   

Self-Cognition and Parental Brain     

Paola Rigo  Gianluca Esposito  Marc H. Bornstein  Nicola De Pisapia  Paola Venuti 《Parenting, science and practice》2019,19(1-2):97-100

SYNOPSIS

A key feature of parenting is that it is observable starting from behaviors that are performed daily by adult caregivers during repeated interactions with the child. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) research on parental brain should integrate settings that resemble ecologies of situations in which parents typically care for children. However, as our commentators point out, ecological settings in fMRI research are challenging and require a multiperspective approach that systematically considers psychological and behavioral complexities of “mommy brain” to better understand how contingent mental states of mothers articulate with specific multi-tasking situations.  相似文献   

Subject index     

Marc Cutright 《Higher Education》2000,39(4):507-506

Subject Index

Subject index  相似文献   

Activities and Interactions of Mothers and Their Firstborn Infants in the First Six Months of Life: Covariation, Stability, Continuity, Correspondence, and Prediction     

Marc H. Bornatein  Catherine S. Tamis-LeMonda 《Child development》1990,61(4):1206-1217

Activities of primiparous mothers and infants were observed at 2 and 5 months of age during naturalistic interactions at home. 5 prominent features of mother and infant exchanges in this short-term longitudinal study are described and discussed in the context of 3 models of unique environment-development relations: covariation, stability, continuity, correspondence, and prediction. Generally, mothers' activities did not positively covary at either age, nor did those of infants. Some maternal activities were stable in this time period; some developmentally increased, and some developmentally decreased. Infants' activities were unstable, but most increased over time. Specific mother and infant activities corresponded, and over time mothers and infants influenced one another in specific ways. In the critical period of the first half year, infants appear to be flexible and plastic in their behavioral repertoires and are influenced by their mothers; mothers are somewhat consistent, but they also adapt to the behaviors of their infants.  相似文献   

Layers of Influence: Exploring Institutional- and State-Level Effects on College Student Views Toward Access to Public Education for Undocumented Immigrants     

Juan C. Garibay  Felisha A. Herrera  Marc P. Johnston-Guerrero  Gina A. Garcia 《Research in higher education》2016,57(5):601-629

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Education and Work in a European Framework     

José M. Esteve  Julio Vera Vila 《欧洲师范教育杂志》1992,15(3):255-269

In industrialised countries education and work are no longer two opposing realities, there now being greater and greater mutual dependence between them. One the one hand, the working world demands higher levels of training and continuous refresher courses or retraining. On the other hand, the educational system is forced to adapt its teaching to the changing demands of the labour market.

In this paper an analysis if is made of both the most representative trends of this phenomenon and present day answers to an ‘education for work’ in the environment of the countries of the European Economic Community.  相似文献