Growth of Reflection in Teaching: Reconciling the Models     

Susan M. Tauer  Philip M. Tate 《Teaching Education》2013,24(2):143-153

Although all teachers are expected to be “role models,” discursive trajectories reaching back to the West’s gay liberation pressure queer teachers to be role models in specific ways – by “coming out” and helping queer students out of their “time of difficulty.” Paradoxically, discourses that construct children as innocent and queers‐as‐a‐threat make it difficult for queer teachers not only to take up these positions as role models but to be visible in schools. In this article, I explore the discourses that shape queer teachers’ understanding of touch, sexuality, confidentiality, the private versus public domain, and pedagogical responsibility within the schooling context. Informed by Foucault, I analyze the interview data of three Ontario queer teachers to investigate the ways in which queers‐as‐a‐threat and teacher‐as‐role‐model influence the negotiation of their ethical dilemmas regarding their student crushes.  相似文献   

Criminology and Criminal Justice Doctoral Programs in 2012–2013: Transformation of a Male-Dominated Arena     

Philip E. Carlan  R. Alan Thompson  Kelly A. Cheeseman 《Journal of Criminal Justice Education》2013,24(4):576-593

This study provides a cross-sectional portrait of female scholars working as tenure-track faculty members at institutions offering doctoral degrees in criminology and/or criminal justice. Relying primarily upon departmental websites as an initial source of information, it was determined that the 35 programs were comprised of 198 (35.9%) female and 353 (64.1%) male tenure-track faculty members. Despite the historical male domination of criminal justice professions as well as higher education instructional roles, this study finds that females represent an increasingly visible and instrumental component of doctoral education within the discipline. Females comprised at least 50% of faculty members within seven doctoral programs, and seven programs had female administrators. Most importantly, a majority of the hires over the previous 12?years were female. Assuming this trend continues, a once male-dominated academic discipline will soon find itself in the midst of unprecedented change.  相似文献   

The Struggle For Equal Schools: Atlanta, 1869‐1954     

Philip N. Racine 《Equity & Excellence in Education》2013,46(2):26-31

  相似文献   

An Evaluation of two-Year Accounting Programs at Selected Community Colleges     

Patricia H. King  Samuel D. Morgan 《Community College Journal of Research & Practice》2013,37(3):265-280

Abstract

In the past, preparation for the accounting profession consisted of either on-the-job training or formal education leading to the acquisition of a baccalaureate degree. In recent years, most practitioners entering the accounting field have graduated from a four-year academic program. The two-year accounting program has developed as an alternative to more traditional educational experience. Further, the literature suggests that there are employment opportunities for these two-year graduates.

The purpose of this study was to determine if the two-year accounting programs offered at Virginia community colleges were relevant in terms of the accounting duties actually performed on the job by graduates of these programs. Specifically, the study was aimed at identifying the skills taught in two-year programs and their relationship to the tasks performed by graduates of these programs.  相似文献   

Visual Processing Deficits in Children With Slow RAN Performance     

Rhona Stainthorp  Morag Stuart  Daisy Powell  Philip Quinlan  Holly Garwood 《Scientific Studies of Reading》2013,17(3):266-292

Two groups of 8- to 10-year-olds differing in rapid automatized naming speed but matched for age, verbal and nonverbal ability, phonological awareness, phonological memory, and visual acuity participated in four experiments investigating early visual processing. As low RAN children had significantly slower simple reaction times (SRT) this was entered as a covariate in all subsequent data analyses. Low RAN children were significantly slower to make same/different judgments to simple visual features, non-nameable letter-like forms and letters, with difference in SRT controlled. Speed differences to letter-like forms and letters disappeared once RTs to simple visual features were controlled. We conclude that slow RAN children have difficulty in discriminating simple visual features that cannot be explained in terms of a more general speed of processing deficit, a deficit in making same/different judgments, or to differences in word reading ability.  相似文献   

Understanding the causes and management of problem behaviour in Zimbabwean schools: teacher perceptions     

Morgan Chitiyo  George Chitiyo  Jonathan Chitiyo  Victoria Oyedele  Richard Makoni  Davidson Fonnah 《International Journal of Inclusive Education》2013,17(11):1091-1106

Problem behaviour continues to present a challenge for school-teachers worldwide. Since school-teachers around the globe have different conceptualisations of what constitutes problem behaviour, the purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions of Zimbabwean school-teachers about their perceived causes of problem behaviour among students in school, and how they usually deal with the problem behaviours. A Problem Behaviour Survey developed specifically for this study was administered to a convenience sample of 62 teachers enrolled in a part-time postgraduate diploma at a local university in Zimbabwe. Participants identified bullying, fighting, violence, fighting, truancy, drug/alcohol abuse and sexual immorality as the most prevalent problem behaviours in their schools. Results of this study also demonstrated that few teachers thought that physical punishment was an effective way to manage problem behaviour and that school-teachers should be allowed to use it. These findings were important in helping school-teachers and administrators to develop a better understanding of problem behaviour in their schools as a pre-requisite to the development of more effective behaviour management practices.  相似文献   

More is different: how aggregation turns on the light     

Philip Ball 《国家科学评论(英文版)》2021,8(6)

The reductionist approach to science seeks to understand the behaviour of systems by studying their individual components. It has been an enormously productive approach, but it is also widely acknowledged now that in some systems the behaviour of interest is an emergent property that cannot be discerned in the separate parts. Biology is replete with such examples, from the flocking of birds to the way metabolic processes in cells rely on a dynamic interplay of proteins and other components.Yet molecular systems do not have to be particularly complex before their properties become more than the sum of the parts. A classic example is the appearance of bulk-like metallic behaviour in small clusters of metal atoms only once they exceed a certain critical size. One of the most striking instances became apparent in 2001, when Ben Zhong Tang of the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology and his co-workers found that heterocyclic silicon-containing molecules called siloles become luminescent as nanoscopic aggregates even though the individual molecules in dilute solution do not emit light [1]. This looked like the opposite of the well-known phenomenon of concentration quenching, in which energy transfer between fluorescent (generally organic) molecules quenches the emission, an effect explained in 1955 [2]. Aggregation-induced ‘switching off’ is intuitively understandable, but ‘switching on’ due to aggregation was more surprising.Yet this effect of ‘aggregation-induced emission’ (AIE), as Tang and colleagues called it, was apparently seen, but not understood, much earlier [3]. In the 1850s, George Stokes noted that some inorganic complexes were fluorescent in the condensed, solid state but not in solution. At first, AIE was seen as a curiosity and deemed likely to be rare. However, subsequent research has shown not only that it is a rather common effect but also that it can be considered just one manifestation of a wide range of behaviours that arise from aggregation—leading to the proposed field of ‘aggregate science’, manifesting at the supramolecular level of small clusters or groups of molecules held together by relatively weak interactions. The field might be considered to illustrate George Whitesides’ notion of a chemistry ‘beyond the molecule’ [4], which bridges disciplines ranging from colloid science to crystal growth, nanotechnology, liquid crystals, photochemistry and molecular biology. At the same time, it echoes the famous insight of physicist Philip Anderson about emergent phenomena and the hierarchical nature of science: ‘More is different’ [5]. An ability to switch properties on and off by controlling intermolecular interactions and aggregation suggests various applications, from optical device technologies to targeted drugs for cancer therapy [6].NSR spoke to Ben Zhong Tang about the origins and possibilities of the field.

NSR: It seems you noticed AIE in 2001 by accident. How did it come about? Tang: Yes, it was serendipity. Development of new light emitters for the fabrication of organic light-emitting diodes was a hot topic at that time. We were trying to make new luminophores [light-emitting molecules] with high efficiencies and novel structures. Attracted by the aesthetically pleasing molecular structures of siloles, I asked my students to prepare various silole compounds. One day, a student told me that he could not see any luminescence when he used a UV lamp to excite the solution of the silole compound he had made. This surprised me, because I myself prepared a silole compound when I was a PhD student and I remember that its crystal was luminescent. I sensed something strange and immediately rushed to the lab. After careful verification and discussion with the student, we concluded that both of us were correct: the silole solution was not luminescent (his observation was right) but the silole powder was emissive (my memory was right). The non-luminescent molecular species in the dilute solution were induced to emit light through formation of aggregates in the solid state. We termed the process aggregation-induced emission or AIE.

A mesoscopic aggregate can have a property that its molecular species does not exhibit at all.—Ben Zhong Tang

Open in a separate windowBen Zhong Tang of the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, China (Courtesy of Ben Zhong Tang). NSR: The phenomenon seemed to defy conventional expectations. Did you have trouble persuading others—or yourselves!—that it was real? Tang: I initially thought the student might have done something wrong, for the phenomenon he observed was totally unexpected. The common belief in the community of photophysics research is that luminescence from an organic dye generally weakens when its molecules are aggregated, an effect often referred to as aggregation-caused quenching or ACQ. I was shocked when I realized that the silole luminogen was showing an anti-ACQ effect. Still, I felt lucky to encounter something ‘abnormal’. No matter how odd a phenomenon seems, if it can be repeatedly observed, it must be real. We repeated our experiments many times and we were eventually convinced that the AIE effect was true. We had trouble, however, to understand why the silole luminogen behaved in such a way that was diametrically opposed to conventional ACQ. NSR: Are there any historical precedents—experiments in which this effect might have been glimpsed previously, but not recognized as such? Tang: When we published our first AIE paper in 2001, we thought the photophysical effect was unprecedented. However, we gradually found out that similar phenomena had been previously observed by other scientists. For example, in 1853 George Stokes reported in a paper that some inorganic platinocyanide salts ‘are sensitive’ (meaning luminescent in modern terminology) ‘only in the solid state’ but ‘their solutions look like mere water’. Sadly, he didn’t follow it up. Other people have made similar observations in different dye systems, which were, however, not recognized as AIE processes. Partially because of this, we had great difficulty in finding relevant reference papers. As a matter of fact, Stokes’ report, published in the mid-19th century, was not known to us until the middle of 2018. However, we are not surprised by those early works, for we understand that science progresses not in an abrupt but in a continuous way. George Smith articulated this: ‘Very few research breakthroughs are novel. Virtually all of them build on what went on before.’ A discovery is often a happenstance. We happened to have ‘rediscovered’ a very old but largely unnoticed phenomenon. Luckily, we grasped the opportunity to see more and farther by standing on the shoulders of giants.  相似文献   

The beneficial effect of sleep on behavioral health problems in youth is disrupted by prenatal cannabis exposure: A causal random forest analysis of Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development data     

Philip A. Spechler  Roman M. Gutierrez  Susan F. Tapert  Wesley K. Thompson  Martin P. Paulus 《Child development》2023,94(4):826-835

Studies suggest prenatal cannabis exposure is associated with mood/behavioral problems in children. However, it is unclear if targeting modifiable domains like sleep behaviors would improve outcomes in exposed youth. Using a causal inference framework, the effect of changing sleep-hours on changing internalizing/externalizing problems in children was examined using the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development™ study baseline (ages 9–10; collected during 2016–2018) and year-1 follow-up data (N = 9825; 4663 female; 5196 white). Average treatment effects (ATE) indicated that more sleep predicted less internalizing (ATE = −.34, SE = .08, p < .001) and externalizing (ATE = −.29, SE = .07, p < .001) problems over time. However, prenatal cannabis exposure moderated the ATE on internalizing (conditional-ATE = .91, SE = .39, p = .019), whereby participants with exposure (n = 605) did not show any effect of changing sleep-hours on mood (B = .09, SE = .24).  相似文献   

Teacher depressive symptoms and children's school readiness in Ghana     

Morgan Peele  Sharon Wolf  Jere R. Behrman  J. Lawrence Aber 《Child development》2023,94(3):706-720

This study investigated associations between kindergarten teachers' (N = 208) depressive symptoms and students' (Ghanaian nationals, N = 1490, M_age = 5.8) school-readiness skills (early literacy, early numeracy, social–emotional skills, and executive function) across 208 schools in Ghana over one school year. Teachers' depressive symptoms in the fall negatively predicted students' overall school-readiness skills in the spring, controlling for school-readiness skills in the fall. These results were primarily driven by social–emotional skills (r = .1–.3). There was evidence of heterogeneity by students' fall skill levels; teacher depressive symptoms predicted more negative spring overall school readiness for children who had higher fall school-readiness skills. Findings underscore the importance of teachers' mental health in early childhood education globally, with implications for policy and practice.  相似文献   

Social status,popularity goals and students with learning disabilities: an initial investigation     

Martin H. Jones  Morgan T. James  Chalon Johnson 《British Journal of Special Education》2023,50(1):83-103

The current study examined whether students' social goals might help explain why students with learning disabilities (LD) often have lower social status in school. Participants included 336 rural and ethnically diverse high school students (of whom 16 had a LD diagnosis). Participants reported on their social status, popularity goals, and social preference goals. Findings support that students with a LD diagnosis are regularly members of less popular peer groups, but are fully socially integrated within their peer groups. Findings also note that students with and without a LD diagnosis generally had similar social preference and popularity goals. Thus, the popularity of students with a LD diagnosis is unlikely due to psychological desires for popularity, but more likely to be due to other social experiences.  相似文献