Cognitive and affective patterns of emphasis in gifted and average Illinois classes     

J M Steele  E R House  S D Lapan  T Kerins 《Exceptional children》1971,37(10):757-759

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Acceptance of lack of closure: is it an index of advanced reasoning?     

W Wollman  B S Eylon  A E Lawson 《Child development》1979,50(3):656-665

Lunzer reported data suggestive of a stage of cognitive development manifest between 9 and 11 years of age characterized by the ability to avoid drawing premature inferences when faced with ambiguity (i.e., accept lack of closure [ALC]). The present study sought to test this hypothesis. Inference tasks emphasizing ALC, memory, and hypothetico-deductive reasoning were administered to 67 males and 74 females (5-12 years in age). Although use of ALC increased with age, considerable use was evidenced on a simple task among 7-8-year-olds. On tasks hypothesized to place increasing demands on working memory, longer tasks were found to be more difficult. Marked improvement due to memory aids suggested that task difficulty results from limitations in working memory as predicted by Pascual-Leone's theory. Tasks requiring hypothetico-deductive reasoning were found to be most difficult. Performance was related to subject's spontaneous use of ALC. Lack of appropriate strategies was hypothesized to prevent solution rather than lack of logical competence. In conclusion, the relationship of ALC to age appears to be mediated by memory development rather than logical development.  相似文献   

Response speed as a function of different reinforcement conditions and a ready signal     

A A Sheikh 《Child development》1967,38(3):857-867

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Context modulation of learned attention deployment     

Metin Uengoer  John M. Pearce  Harald Lachnit  Stephan Koenig 《Learning & behavior》2018,46(1):23-37

In three experiments, we investigated the contextual control of attention in human discrimination learning. In each experiment, participants initially received discrimination training in which the cues from Dimension A were relevant in Context 1 but irrelevant in Context 2, whereas the cues from Dimension B were irrelevant in Context 1 but relevant in Context 2. In Experiment 1, the same cues from each dimension were used in Contexts 1 and 2, whereas in Experiments 2 and 3, the cues from each dimension were changed across contexts. In each experiment, participants were subsequently shifted to a transfer discrimination involving novel cues from either dimension, to assess the contextual control of attention. In Experiment 1, measures of eye gaze during the transfer discrimination revealed that Dimension A received more attention than Dimension B in Context 1, whereas the reverse occurred in Context 2. Corresponding results indicating the contextual control of attention were found in Experiments 2 and 3, in which we used the speed of learning (associability) as an indirect marker of learned attentional changes. Implications of our results for current theories of learning and attention are discussed.  相似文献   

PEER AND TEACHER PREFERENCE,STUDENT–TEACHER RELATIONSHIPS,STUDENT ETHNICITY,AND PEER VICTIMIZATION IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL     

Feihong Wang  Kevin A. Leary  Lorraine C. Taylor  Melissa E. Derosier 《Psychology in the schools》2016,53(5):488-501

This research was supported, in part, by a grant from the National Institute for Mental Health (5R44MH07071‐03) awarded to Dr. Melissa E. DeRosier. Additional support comes from an Institute of Education Sciences post‐doctoral fellowship training award to the University of Florida (R324B1200002). The research was conducted at 3‐C Institute. The authors thank the staff and students of the Wake County Public School System in North Carolina for their cooperation and support in the implementation of this research project. In addition, the authors thank Drs. Janey McMillen, Natalie O'Brian, and Melanie Wilson for their invaluable efforts as project coordinators, as well as the many interns of the 3‐C Institute for their assistance in successfully completing this research project.  相似文献   

An Investigation of How Culture Shapes Curriculum in Early Care and Education Programs on a Native American Indian Reservation     

Jennifer L. Gilliard  Rita A. Moore 《Early Childhood Education Journal》2007,34(4):251-258

This article investigates how culture shapes instruction in three early care and education programs on the Flathead Indian Reservation. Interviews with eight early childhood teachers as well as classroom observations were conducted. The investigation is framed by the following research question: How does the culture of the family and community shape curriculum? Data analysis suggested that ongoing communication with parents and community about teaching within a culturally relevant context, building a sense of belongingness and community through ritual, and respecting children, families, and community were essential to defining the Native American Indian culture within these early learning programs.  相似文献   

Tenured and non-tenured school principals in Greece: a historical approach     

Eleni A. Katsigianni 《Journal of educational administration and history》2016,48(3):225-242

This study deals with the question of tenure/non-tenure of the Greek school principals and its possible impact on their role in the light of the international influences. In developing our theoretical perspective, we draw on the tenure/non-tenure discourse and the centralised bureaucratic and new public management model. After examining the relevant legislation issued from 1836 up to 2015 by following the qualitative content analysis, we find out that in the 1836–1981 period, tenure had become an integral part of the centralised educational system. Since 1981, the introduction of decentralised policies along with the abolition of tenure has resulted in the renewal of the same politics. By linking in a direct way the tenure/non-tenure topic with the international policies, we support the view that in the Greek centralised educational system, school principals have limited power to bring about effective changes at schools regardless of their tenure/non-tenure status.  相似文献   

Can squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) plan for the future? Studies of temporal myopia in food choice     

McKenzie T  Cherman T  Bird LR  Naqshbandi M  Roberts WA 《Learning & behavior》2004,32(4):377-390

In seven experiments, 2 squirrel monkeys were given choices between arrays of food that varied in the quantity offered. In Experiments 1-5, the monkeys were offered choices between quantities of the same food that varied in a 2:1 ratio. The squirrel monkeys failed to show the temporal myopia effect or a decrease in preference for the larger quantity as the absolute number of food items offered increased. Even when given choices of 8 versus 16 peanuts and 10 versus 20 peanuts, both monkeys significantly preferred the larger quantity. An examination of the monkeys' rates of consumption indicated that 20 peanuts were consumed over a 1- to 2-h period, with eating bouts separated by periods of nonconsumption. In Experiments 6A, 6B, and 7, food was either pilfered or replenished 15 min after an initial choice, so that choice of the smaller quantity led to more total food in the long run. These manipulations caused both monkeys to reduce choice of the larger quantity, relative to baseline choice. The results suggest that squirrel monkeys anticipated the future consequences of their choices.  相似文献   

Emotional regulation and emotional development     

Ross A. Thompson 《Educational Psychology Review》1991,3(4):269-307

Current neofunctionalist views of emotion underscore the biologically adaptive and psychologically constructive contributions of emotion to organized behavior, but little is known of the development of the emotional regulatory processes by which this is fostered. Emotional regulation refers to the extrinsic and intrinsic processes responsible for monitoring, evaluating, and modifying emotional reactions. This review provides a developmental outline of emotional regulation and its relation to emotional development throughout the life-span. The biological foundations of emotional self-regulation and individual differences in regulatory tendencies are summarized. Extrinsic influences on the early regulation of a child's emotion and their long-term significance are then discussed, including a parent's direct intervention strategies, selective reinforcement and modeling processes, affective induction, and the caregiver's ecological control of opportunity for heightened emotion and its management. Intrinsic contributors to the growth of emotional self-regulatory capacities include the emergence of language and cognitive skills, the child's growing emotional and self-understanding (and cognized strategies of emotional self-control), and the emergence of a theory of personal emotion in adolescence.  相似文献   

The maintenance of quality in the public sector of UK higher education     

R. A. Barnett 《Higher Education》1987,16(3):279-301

Since the establishment of the UK binary system of higher education in the mid-1960s, the Council for National Academic Awards and the public sector institutions have together evolved a distinctive system for quality maintenance.The paper has three goals: to identify the key elements in the interactions between the CNAA and its associated institutions; to sketch the shifting balance of responsibilities from the CNAA to its associated institutions; and to make some observations on course review in the public sector compared with the university sector.Central to the UK public sector is the sense, within institutions, that the responsibility for the maintenance of quality is an essentially corporate enterprise. That corporate review process has, until the present time, been conducted through the framework of a national peer review system. However, the university and the public sectors are converging in their course review processes, with individual institutions assuming greater responsibility for the quality of their courses. These changes make uncertain the continuation of the national context for course review.  相似文献