Analgesics use in competitive triathletes: its relationship to doping and on predicting its usage     

Pavel Dietz  Robert Dalaker  Stephan Letzel  Rolf Ulrich  Perikles Simon 《Journal of sports sciences》2016,34(20):1965-1969

The two major objectives of this study were (i) to assess variables that predict the use of analgesics in competitive athletes and (ii) to test whether the use of analgesics is associated with the use of doping. A questionnaire primarily addressing the use of analgesics and doping was distributed among 2,997 triathletes. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to predict the use of analgesics. Moreover, the randomised response technique (RRT) was used to estimate the prevalence of doping in order to assess whether users of analgesics have a higher potential risk for doping than non-users. Statistical power analyses were performed to determine sample size. The bootstrap method was used to assess the statistical significance of the prevalence difference for doping between users and non-users of analgesics. Four variables from a pool of 16 variables were identified that predict the use of analgesics. These were: “version of questionnaire (English)”, “gender (female)”, “behaviour in case of pain (continue training)”, and “hours of training per week (>12 h/week)”. The 12-month prevalence estimate for the use of doping substances (overall estimate 13.0%) was significantly higher in athletes that used analgesics (20.4%) than in those athletes who did not use analgesics (12.4%). The results of this study revealed that athletes who use analgesics prior to competition may be especially prone to using doping substances. The predictors of analgesic use found in the study may be of importance to prepare education material and prevention models against the misuse of drugs in athletes.  相似文献   

Development of feedforward control in a dynamic manual tracking task     

van Roon D  Caeyenberghs K  Swinnen SP  Smits-Engelsman BC 《Child development》2008,79(4):852-865

To examine the development of feedforward control during manual tracking, 117 participants in 5 age groups (6 to 7, 8 to 9, 10 to 11, 12 to 14, and 15 to 17 years) tracked an accelerating dot presented on a monitor by moving an electronic pen on a digitizer. To remain successful at higher target velocities, they had to create a predictive model of the target's motion. The ability to track the target at higher velocities increased, and the application of a feedback-based step-and-hold strategy decreased with age, as shown by increases in maximum target velocity and decreases in number of stops between ages 6–7 and 8–9 and between ages 8–9 and 10–11. The ability to exploit feedforward control in a dynamic tracking task improves significantly with age.  相似文献   

Who likes to engage in writing? – The role of children’s beliefs and intrinsic value regarding leisure writing     

Lisa Birnbaum  Elisabeth M. Schüller  Stephan Kröner 《教育心理学》2020,40(7):856-874

Abstract

While leisure writing may help children to acquire writing skills, it can also be considered as an inherently valuable cultural activity. This study explores how children’s beliefs may explain to what extent children are inclined to leisure writing and if there are any gender differences. Building on preliminary scale development work, we analysed data from 963 third-graders. Variables included (a) the intrinsic value attached to leisure writing (b) preceding behavioural, normative, and control beliefs related to these activities, and (c) the level of leisure writing. In a structural equation model, the preceding beliefs were applied as explanatory variables for the intrinsic value. Intrinsic value, in turn, explained a large proportion of variance in children’s leisure-writing activities. Gender differences in leisure writing were mediated by intrinsic value. Significance of intrinsic value and preceding beliefs regarding leisure-writing activities are discussed.  相似文献   

Elternvertreter mit Migrationshintergrund an allgemeinbildenden Schulen     

Stephan Kr?ner  Elisabeth M. Schüller  Marcus Penthin  Eva S. Fritzsche  Marcus C. G. Friedrich  Magdalena M. Krol 《Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft》2012,15(4):707-726

Parents with a migration background are underrepresented among parent representatives at schools in Germany. However, increased involvement of these parents is essential for a lively democratic culture. To explore the motivations of parents with migration background regarding their school involvement, interviews with N?=?31 parent representatives with migration background were content analysed, starting deductively from a set of categories according to the theory of planned behaviour. In the analysis, the main category ??attitude?? was deductively subdivided into ??motivation in the course of action/intrinsic value??, ??results and consequences regarding own interests?? and ??results and consequences regarding others/altruistic motivation??. ??Subjective norm?? was inductively differentiated into ??other parents??, ??teachers and leadership team?? and ??other persons/perceived general expectations??; ??perceived behavioural control?? was differentiated into the subcategories ??assertiveness and freedom from anxiety??, ??language competence??, ??socioeconomic background??, ??availability of time??, ??setting in school and school district?? and ??field expertise and know-how??. Additionally, ??habit?? was deductively established and retained as a main category. Analysis of 513 statements resulted in an interrater-agreement of ???=?0.82. Implications for working with parents in an intercultural context are discussed.  相似文献   

The impact of educational mismatch on firm productivity: Evidence from linked panel data     

Stephan Kampelmann  François Rycx 《Economics of Education Review》2012

We provide first evidence regarding the direct impact of educational mismatch on firm productivity. To do so, we rely on representative linked employer–employee panel data for Belgium covering the period 1999–2006. Controlling for simultaneity issues, time-invariant unobserved workplace characteristics, cohort effects and dynamics in the adjustment process of productivity, we find that: (i) a higher level of required education exerts a significantly positive influence on firm productivity, (ii) additional years of over-education (both among young and older workers) are beneficial for firm productivity, and (iii) additional years of under-education (among young workers) are detrimental for firm productivity.  相似文献   

Fradle Pomerantz Freidenreich. Passionate Pioneers: The Story of Yiddish Secular Education in North America, 1910–1960. Teaneck,NJ: Holmes & Meier Publishers,Inc., 2010. 498 pp. Paperback $35.00.     

Stephan F. Brumberg 《History of education quarterly》2012,52(3):433-436

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Trust in results     

Skedsmo  Guri  Huber  Stephan Gerhard 《Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability》2019,31(4):377-380

Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability -  相似文献   

Learning from text: knowing the test format enhanced metacognitive monitoring     

Stephan Dutke  Jonathan Barenberg  Claudia Leopold 《Metacognition and Learning》2010,5(2):195-206

In an experiment with 56 young adults, the hypothesis was tested that information about the format of an anticipated test improves metacognitive monitoring. Half of the participants were informed about the format of the test before they started studying a text about human genetics. The other half of the sample received the same information after studying the text. All participants then answered 15 true-false inference items about the contents of the text and judged their confidence in the correctness of each answer. Whereas experimental and control group did not differ in the number of correct answers, the confidence judgments in the experimental group were more accurate and discriminated better between correct and incorrect answers than the control participants’ judgments. Furthermore, the informed participants’ discrimination performance correlated positively with their domain-related prior knowledge. The results extend earlier findings concerning the role of the test format for monitoring processes.  相似文献   

Assessment of competence in clinical reasoning and decision‐making under uncertainty: the script concordance test method     

Stephan Ramaekers  Wim Kremer  Albert Pilot  Peter van Beukelen  Hanno van Keulen 《Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education》2010,35(6):661-673

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Stichwort: Literalität — Schriftlichkeit     

Stephan?StingEmail author 《Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft》2003,6(3):317-337

Ohne Zusammenfassung  相似文献