Normal Accidents of Expertise     

Stephen P. Turner 《Minerva》2010,48(3):239-258

Charles Perrow used the term “normal accidents” to characterize a type of catastrophic failure that resulted when complex, tightly coupled production systems encountered a certain kind of anomalous event. These were events in which systems failures interacted with one another in a way that could not be anticipated, and could not be easily understood and corrected. Systems of the production of expert knowledge are increasingly becoming tightly coupled. Unlike classical science, which operated with a long time horizon, many current forms of expert knowledge are directed at immediate solutions to complex problems. These are prone to breakdowns like the kind discussed by Perrow. The example of the Homestake mine experiment shows that even in modern physics complex systems can produce knowledge failures that last for decades. The concept of knowledge risk is introduced, and used to characterize the risk of failure in such systems of knowledge production.  相似文献   

The Scientific Productivity of Nations     

Cole  Stephen  Phelan  Thomas J. 《Minerva》1999,37(1):1-23

  相似文献   

Practicum Perceptions of Initial Interviews: Client-Counselor Divergence     

Manuel S. Silverman 《Counselor Education & Supervision》1973,13(2):158-161

  相似文献   

Analyzing data from field research: the unit of analysis issue     

Silverman S 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2004,75(2):iii-iiv

  相似文献   

A descriptive analysis of research methods classes in departments of kinesiology and physical education in the United States     

Silverman S  Keating XD 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2002,73(1):1-9

Research training takes many forms and is generally a part of graduate education. A common and important aspect of research training is the introductory research methods class offered by many departments. The purpose of this study was to examine the content, process, and instructors of introductory research methods classes in departments of kinesiology and physical education in the United States. A survey was designed and extensively pilot tested. The sample was selected from all departments offering graduate degrees in the United States. Among the many results, the data indicate that one book was required reading in more than half the classes and class size averaged about 19 students. A number of objectives were statedfor most classes, with understanding research, applying research to professional situations, critiquing the research literature, and planning research indicated most often. Quantitative design and analysis topics were emphasized more strongly than qualitative design and analysis topics. Professors indicated that more than half the class time was spent lecturing and most grades were based on exams, preparation of a research proposal, and regular assignments. The professors were relatively experienced, had a variety ofspecialty areas, and were reasonably productive researchers. The trends suggest that alternative research methodologies have not been quickly added to the research methods curriculum.  相似文献   

Individual pathways in the development of forceful throwing     

Langendorfer SJ  Roberton MA 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2002,73(3):245-256

Halverson, Roberton, and Langendorfer (1982) reported the development of children ages 6-13 years filmed longitudinally performing the forceful overarm throw. These authors described the children's progress through developmental sequences for trunk, humerus, and forearm actions; however, they did not study developmental relationships ("profiles") across these components. This paper reports how the profiles changed in the same children across trials within filming sessions and over time. The data revealed both common and individual developmental pathways. The frequencies of some pathways were not chance occurrences (p < or = .01), suggesting that within-person constraints eliminated certain movement relationships while encouraging others. The authors hypothesize that the kinematics of trunk rotation may serve as a control parameter for pattern change.  相似文献   

Mechanisms of attentional cueing during observational learning to facilitate motor skill acquisition     

Janelle CM  Champenoy JD  Coombes SA  Mousseau MB 《Journal of sports sciences》2003,21(10):825-838

We examined the effectiveness of different cueing conditions during observational learning of a soccer accuracy pass. Sixty participants (30 males, 30 females) were randomly assigned and stratified by sex into one of six groups: discovery learning, verbal instruction, video model with visual cues, video model with verbal cues, video model with visual and verbal cues, and video model only. Each participant completed eight blocks of 10 trials each, with trial blocks 1 and 2 representing the practice phase (no manipulation), trial blocks 3, 4, 5 and 6 the acquisition phase (manipulation administered) and trial blocks 7 and 8 the retention phase (24 h after acquisition, with no manipulation). Absolute error, variable error and kicking form were recorded. The results indicated that those who used video modelling with visual and verbal cues collectively displayed less error and more appropriate form across acquisition and retention trial blocks compared with other groups. Our findings suggest that verbal information in addition to visual cues enhances perceptual representation and retention of modelled activities to improve task reproduction capabilities. Future research directions are proposed with implications for both direct and indirect perception accounts of skill acquisition through observed behaviours.  相似文献   

How Does Peer Review Work and Can It be Improved?     

Cole  Stephen 《Minerva》1998,36(2):179-189

  相似文献   

Did Funding Matter to the Development of Research Methods in Sociology?     

Turner  Stephen P. 《Minerva》1998,36(1):69-79

  相似文献   

One third cherokee: Problem solving,teaching, and intuition     

Stephen I. Brown  Gerald R. Rising 《Educational Studies in Mathematics》1978,9(4):391-409

  相似文献