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31.
Three rats received unmodifiable tailshock at random intervals in a shuttlebox. In a continuous-choice situation, Ss could choose between an auditory signal immediately preceding or immediately following the tailshock. Over repeated daily 3-h sessions, each S acquired a spatial discrimination indicating a strong preference for the signal preceding tailshock. This preference continued undiminished through two successive reversals of the position associated with signaled shock. This demonstration precludes explanations of the preference-for-signaled-shock phenomenon based upon primary reinforcement value or acquired value of the signal, position preferences, and overt modification of the aversiveness of the reinforcer through such means as postural adjustments. An explanation of recent failures to obtain the preference-for-signaled-shock effect is offered. 相似文献
32.
Cher Ping Lim Sungsup Ra Brian Chin Tianchong Wang 《Educational Media International》2020,57(2):87-111
ABSTRACT Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have had significant impacts on many sectors in today’s knowledge economy. In developing and emerging countries, ICT have enhanced equity, quality, and efficiency in the education sector. However, the adoption of ICT in the South Asian countries’ education sector has not been at scale and its impacts have been limited. There are several gaps and issues that are hindering the wider adoption of ICT and limiting its impacts in the education sector. Through the case studies of the adoption of ICT for education in Bangladesh and Nepal, this paper examines the gaps and issues to be addressed in order to better leverage ICT to enhance education equity, quality, and efficiency. This discussion is guided by the ICT in the education framework that has been developed by the authors, and could provide insights into the state of ICT in education and offer strategies to better leverage ICT for the education sector of other countries in South Asia and the region. 相似文献
33.
Sam Miller 《Changing English: An International Journal of English Teaching》2006,13(2):173-178
The ethnic conflict that has enveloped Sri Lanka since the 1980s has been deeply damaging to Sri Lankan journalism, whose traditions of impartiality and professionalism have been seriously undermined. The BBC World Service Trust has attempted to address these issues through a European‐funded training programme aimed at a broad range of media practitioners in Sri Lanka. This article seeks to assess how successful this programme has been and what lessons can be drawn by training organisations elsewhere who are seeking to implement similar projects. 相似文献
34.
Michael J. Guralnick Robert T. Connor Brian Neville Mary A. Hammond 《Early education and development》2002,13(1):59-80
Mothers' perspectives of children's peer-related social development were obtained from matched groups of young children with developmental delays, communicative disorders, and typically developing children. Structured interviews elicited information on numerous issues including mothers' views of the importance of children's social skills development, rationales with respect to why children succeed or had difficulties on specific social tasks, and the socialization strategies mothers employ to promote children's peer-related social development. Mothers also reported on their efforts to arrange play with peers for their child and the degree to which they monitored that play. Results indicated that mothers rated children's social development as highly important, offered primarily internal rationales (e.g., traits, dispositions) for success or difficulties in achieving social tasks, and endorsed moderate and low power socialization strategies. Differences across the three groups were minimal. Mothers arranged play with peers least often for children with developmental delays and communication disorders, but monitored play more extensively for children with delays. These finding were discussed in terms of mothers adopting a developmental orientation to understand children's social development and their implications for maternal participation in peer competence intervention programs. 相似文献
35.
Designing informal learning experiences for early career academics using a knowledge ecosystem model
Faye Miller Helen Partridge Christine Bruce Brian Hemmings 《Journal of Further & Higher Education》2017,41(5):692-705
This article presents a ‘knowledge ecosystem’ model of how early career academics experience using information to learn while building their social networks for developmental purposes. Developed using grounded theory methodology, the model offers a way of conceptualising how to empower early career academics through (1) agency (individual and relational) and (2) facilitation of personalised informal learning (design of physical and virtual systems and environments) in spaces where developmental relationships are formed, including programmes, courses, events, community, home and social media. It is suggested that the knowledge ecosystem model is suitable for use in designing informal learning experiences for early career academics. 相似文献
36.
Patrick Johnson Cassandra N. Nichols Walter C. Buboltz Brian Riedesel 《Journal of College Counseling》2002,5(1):4-14
To assess the impact of a holistic career and life planning course on college students, the authors asked 209 students in treatment and control groups to complete measures of career development. Results indicate that the course significantly increases vocational identity and career decision‐making self‐efficacy and decreases career indecision. 相似文献
37.
Mills Reece Tomas Louisa Whiteford Chrystal Lewthwaite Brian 《Research in Science Education》2020,50(4):1501-1520
Research in Science Education - Given that interest is associated with learning in educational research, understanding how its development can be supported in different learning contexts represents... 相似文献
38.
39.
Brian R. Belland 《Educational Psychology Review》2011,23(4):577-600
Problem solving is an important skill in the knowledge economy. Research indicates that the development of problem solving
skills works better in the context of instructional approaches centered on real-world problems. But students need scaffolding
to be successful in such instruction. In this paper I present a conceptual framework for understanding the effects of scaffolding.
First, I discuss the ultimate goal of scaffolding—the transfer of responsibility—and one way that scholars have conceptualized
promoting this outcome (fading). Next, I describe an alternative way to conceptualize transfer of responsibility through the
lens of distributed cognition and discuss how this lens informs how to promote transfer of responsibility. Then I propose
guidelines for the creation of problem solving scaffolds to support transfer of responsibility and discuss them in light of
the literature. 相似文献
40.
AnnaMarie Conner Kelly W. Edenfield Brian W. Gleason Filyet Asli Ersoz 《Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education》2011,14(6):483-504
In this article, we report on a study of beliefs about mathematics, teaching, and proof conducted with six prospective secondary
mathematics teachers as they completed a two-semester sequence of a content course and a methods course. The initial beliefs
of the participants were identified using interview and survey data, and potential shifts in beliefs were examined through
further interview and survey data combined with classroom observations and written work. While their beliefs about mathematics
and proof appeared to be relatively stable, their beliefs about teaching shifted from a more teacher-centered view to beliefs
that foreground the activities and understandings of the students. These shifts are analyzed using the construct of belief
structures, and activities and events from the courses that may have facilitated the shifts are identified. The results are
consistent with the literature in some respects, such as the stability of the participants’ beliefs about mathematics. On
the other hand, our results present new information about how prospective secondary mathematics teachers’ beliefs about teaching
may be impacted. 相似文献