Die belgische Quotenregelung und das Urteil des Gerichtshofs in der Rechtssache Bressol     

Christian Ruhs 《Zeitschrift für Hochschulrecht, Hochschulmanagement und Hochschulpolitik: zfhr》2010,9(4):99-112

Der nachfolgende Beitrag analysiert das Urteil über die belgische Quotenregelung, das der Gerichtshof der Europäischen Union in der Rechtssache Bressol gefällt hat. Die Quotenregelung kann, dem Urteil zufolge, zum Schutz der öffentlichen Gesundheit gerechtfertigt werden. Die Kriterien der Erforderlichkeit, Eignung und Verhältnismäßigkeit sind auf der Grundlage der Vorgaben des Gerichtshofs, durch das Vorlagegericht zu beurteilen. Der nachfolgende Beitrag kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass sich diese Vorgaben aus einer Mischung aus sehr strengen und diese wieder aufweichenden Maßstäben zusammensetzen, die, bei strikter Betrachtung, schwer zu erfüllen sind, offenbar aber den nationalen Gerichten einen Entscheidungsspielraum einräumen sollen, der zu einer für die betroffenen Mitgliedstaaten politisch akzeptablen Lösung führt. Das "Recht auf Bildung" nach Art 14 des Internationalen Paktes über die wirtschaftlichen, sozialen und kulturellen Rechte, wurde vom Gerichtshof nicht ausreichend differenziert behandelt und im Ergebnis fehlerhaft beurteilt.  相似文献   

Behavioral and neurophysiological effects of morphological awareness training on spelling and reading     

Silvana Weiss  Roland H. Grabner  Reinhard Kargl  Christian Purgstaller  Andreas Fink 《Reading and writing》2010,23(6):645-671

Behavioral and neurophysiological effects of a computer-aided morphological training protocol were examined in German-speaking children from Grades 3 to 9. Study 1 compared morphological awareness, reading, and spelling skills of 34 trained children with an untrained control group of 34 children matched for age, sex, and intelligence. All participants in the training group showed increases in morphological awareness, but only students from secondary school improved significantly in reading and spelling competences. In Study 2, a subsample of 8 trained children with poor spelling and reading abilities and 10 untrained children with higher language competencies underwent an electroencephalography testing involving three different language tasks. The training resulted in decreased theta-activity and increased activity in lower (7–10 Hz) and upper alpha (10–13 Hz). These findings reflect more effortful and attention-demanding processing after the training and suggest that children with poor spelling and reading abilities use the acquired morphological knowledge in terms of a compensatory strategy.  相似文献   

The educational value of visual cues and 3D-representational format in a computer animation under restricted and realistic conditions     

Thomas Huk  Mattias Steinke  Christian Floto 《Instructional Science》2010,38(5):455-469

Within the framework of cognitive learning theories, instructional design manipulations have primarily been investigated under tightly controlled laboratory conditions. We carried out two experiments, where the first experiment was conducted in a restricted system-paced setting and is therefore in line with the majority of empirical studies in the learning sciences. However, the second experiment was done in an ecologically more valid classroom setting, with students working at their own pace with the instructional material embedded in a professional hypermedia learning environment. Both dealt with the same topic in the domain of biological education, namely the structure and functioning of the enzyme ATP-Synthase. In both experiments, the educational value of three- versus two-dimensional animations as well as of visual cues was investigated in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Students’ understanding was facilitated by the presence of a 3D-representation format under tightly controlled conditions only. Regarding the ecologically more valid classroom setting, the 2D format tended to foster understanding more efficiently than the 3D format. The implementation of visual cues enhanced the amount students remembered in both experiments. Our results indicate that the results of tightly controlled laboratory conditions may not be easily generalized to naturalistic classroom settings.  相似文献   

Holocaust education in Austria: A (hi)story of complexity and ambivalence     

Bastel  Heribert  Matzka  Christian  Miklas  Helene 《Prospects》2010,40(1):57-73

In Austria, activities for teaching about and remembering the Holocaust have concentrated mainly on National Socialism and its atrocities. Austria’s history of political anti-Semitism goes back to the 19th century, however, and has been widely and publicly acknowledged. It has always been linked to nationalistic tendencies that are still present today and rarely reflected upon, including the anti-Slavic and anti-Turkish attitudes that right-wing parties use to gain supporters. Vienna’s special place of remembrance, the Heldenplatz, with its monuments and history, is a useful place to begin examining Austrian identities and the course of collective Austrian ways of thinking. Based on that examination, we then consider Austria’s daily politics and treatment of the past. We next turn to Holocaust education after the war, which has had an impressive impact after a late start, and mention some of its drawbacks and problems. We next discuss the lack of serious research about memorials in Austria, as compared with Germany, and present initial results from a project that started in spring 2009 to examine knowledge gains and attitude changes among students after they visit the Mauthausen concentration camp.  相似文献   

Second and fourth graders' copying ability: from graphical to linguistic processing     

Joachim Grabowski  Christian Weinzierl  Markus Schmitt 《Journal of Research in Reading》2010,33(1):39-53

Particularly in primary school, good performance on copy tasks is an important working technique. With respect to writing skills, copying is a very basic process on which more complex writing abilities are based. We studied the copying ability of second and fourth graders across four types of symbols which vary with respect to their semantic and phonological characteristics: arbitrary graphical objects, unpronounceable consonant strings, numerals and meaningful text. Results show, in terms of average copying speed, significant effects of both factors: fourth graders performed generally faster than second graders, and for both class levels, the number of copied characters per time decreased from meaningful text to graphical objects, all pair-wise contrasts between symbol types being statistically significant. Moreover, a significant interaction shows that fourth graders improved more when copying symbols that form pronounceable chunks, namely meaningful text and numerical strings. This indicates an increasing role of phonological (and probably also semantic) processes involved in copying across primary school.  相似文献   

Personality Traits Are Associated With Cortical Development Across Adolescence: A Longitudinal Structural MRI Study          下载免费PDF全文

Lia Ferschmann  Anders M. Fjell  Margarete E. Vollrath  Håkon Grydeland  Kristine B. Walhovd  Christian K. Tamnes 《Child development》2018,89(3):811-822

How personality traits relate to structural brain changes in development is an important but understudied question. In this study, cortical thickness (CT) and surface area (SA), estimated using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), were investigated in 99 participants aged 8–19 years. Follow‐up MRI data were collected after on average 2.6 years for 74 individuals. The Big Five personality traits were related to longitudinal regional CT or SA development, but limited cross‐sectional relations were observed. Conscientiousness, emotional stability, and imagination were associated with more age‐expected cortical thinning over time. The results suggest that the substantial individual variability observed in personality traits may partly be explained by cortical maturation across adolescence, implying a developmental origin for personality–brain relations observed in adults.  相似文献   

Ruling by schooling Quebec: conquest to liberal governmentality – a historical sociology,by Bruce Curtis,Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 2012     

Christian Ydesen 《Paedagogica Historica: International Journal of the History of Education》2018,54(3):384-386

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Student attitudes that predict participation in peer assessment     

Yan Zou  Christian Dieter Schunn  Fuhui Zhang 《Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education》2018,43(5):800-811

Peer assessment has been widely applied to actively engage students in learning to write. However, sometimes students resist peer assessment. This study explores reviewers’ attitudes and other underlying factors that influence students’ participation in online peer assessment. Participants were 234 Chinese undergraduates from two different academic backgrounds: engineering majors (n = 168) and English majors (n = 66). Gender, academic background and prior experience with peer assessment were all related to participation levels. Moreover, factor analyses revealed three attitudinal factors: (1) positive attitude (a general endorsement of the benefits of peer assessment), (2) interpersonal negative (concerns about the negative effects on interpersonal relationships), and (3) procedural negative (doubts about the procedural rationality of peer assessment). Among the attitudinal factors, procedural negative was negatively associated with participation, as expected. Interestingly, interpersonal negative was associated with greater participation, and positive attitude was associated with lower participation, in part because students worked hard on each review rather than doing many reviews superficially. Implications for instruction are discussed.  相似文献   

The climate for entrepreneurship at higher education institutions     

Heiko Bergmann  Mario Geissler  Christian Hundt  Barbara Grave 《Research Policy》2018,47(4):700-716

While the importance of a supportive context for entrepreneurship is widely acknowledged, its antecedents are rarely investigated. We apply the concept of organizational climate to higher education institutions and examine the drivers of students’ perceptions of the entrepreneurial climate in their university. Combining data from two unique datasets and using multilevel techniques, we analyze the relationship between university characteristics and such climate perceptions of 8009 students at public universities in Germany. We find university entrepreneurship measures to have a positive effect on students’ climate perceptions, which also depend on students’ background and gender. In addition, we find evidence for different peer effects, depending on students’ affinity for entrepreneurship. For the general student population, including entrepreneurship content in their normal studies seems to be required to initiate a social process of sensemaking. However, students’ perception of the entrepreneurial climate only depend to a certain degree on intentional entrepreneurship measures. In our study, general university characteristics have the strongest influence on climate perceptions. Overall, our study adds to our understanding of which parameters are important for establishing a more favorable and inspiring climate for becoming an entrepreneur at higher education institutions.  相似文献   

Attacking beautifully or defending efficiently? A sociological analysis of the prevalence and effect of football strategies     

Ørnulf Seippel 《Soccer & Society》2018,19(2):185-204

Football ideology is built upon an antagonism between offensive and defensive and effective and beautiful football: attack beautifully and lose, or, defend efficiently and win! In this article, I address the validity of this hegemonic understanding and investigate the extent to which (i) modern football actually practises one or the other – scoring goals or avoids conceding – and (ii) how the two strategies actually pay off. The case is 65 years of Scandinavian male football. I start with an overview of numbers of scored goals and variation in scoring. Next, I look at whether success depends on scoring the most or conceding the least. Finally, I analyse how many positions each goal is worth. In general terms, the finding is a defensive trend where modern football has fewer and more valuable goals, but that this trend has clear wavelike patterns, indicating that which strategy being profitable varies.  相似文献