Eine Methode zur Konstruktion robuster Klassenhierarchien     

Arne Frick  Rainer Neumann und Wolf Zimmermann 《Informatik - Forschung und Entwicklung》1997,12(4):186-195

Zusammenfassung. In diesem Beitrag wird eine Methode zur Konstruktion robuster Klassenhierarchien vorgestellt. Hierzu wird aus den überlegungen bezüglich der polymorphen Verwendung von Klassen [2] eine Vorgehensweise zur Konstruktion von Klassenhierarchien abgeleitet. Die Begriffe Konformit?t und Spezialisierung werden verfeinert, indem nicht mehr s?mtliche Methoden einer Klasse, sondern Teilmengen davon betrachtet werden. Dies führt zum Begriff der partiellen Konformit?t. In Erweiterung von [2] sind partiell konforme Klassen dann polymorph verwendbar, wenn der Anwendungskontext, der sich aus der Benutzung der Klasse ergibt, sich ausschlie?lich auf konforme Methoden erstreckt. Diese Eigenschaft ist statisch zur übersetzungszeit überprüfbar. Damit k?nnen Fehlbenutzungen bereits zur übersetzungszeit ausgeschlossen werden. Eingegangen am 24. Dezember 1996 / Angenommen am 15. Oktober 1997  相似文献   

Differential Susceptibility in Early Literacy Instruction Through Computer Games: The Role of the Dopamine D4 Receptor Gene (DRD4)     

Cornelia A. T. Kegel  Adriana G. Bus  Marinus H. van IJzendoorn 《Mind, Brain, and Education》2011,5(2):71-78

Not every child seems equally susceptible to the same parental, educational, or environmental influences even if cognitive level is similar. This study is the first randomized controlled trial to apply the differential susceptibility paradigm to education in relation to children's genotype and early literacy skills. A randomized pretest–posttest control group design was used to examine the effects of the Intelligent Tutoring System Living Letters. Two intervention groups were created, 1 receiving feedback and 1 completing the program without feedback, and 1 control group. Carriers of the long variant of the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4 7‐repeat) profited most from the computer program with positive feedback, whereas they performed at the lowest level of early literacy skills in the absence of such feedback. Our findings suggest that behind modest overall educational intervention effects a strong effect on a subgroup of susceptible children may be hidden.  相似文献   

Learning to solve ill-defined statistics problems: does self-explanation quality mediate the worked example effect?     

Bichler  Sarah  Stadler  Matthias  Bühner  Markus  Greiff  Samuel  Fischer  Frank 《Instructional Science》2022,50(3):335-359

Instructional Science - Extensive research has established that successful learning from an example is conditional on an important learning activity: self-explanation. Moreover, a model for...  相似文献   

Just do it! Study time increases mathematical achievement scores for grade 4-10 students in a large longitudinal cross-country study     

Spitzer  Markus Wolfgang Hermann 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》2022,37(1):39-53

Decades of research produced inconsistent findings on whether study time can lead to achievement gains in mathematics. Data generated by more than six thousand students from three different countries who solved more than 1.1 million problem sets using a dedicated mathematics software are analyzed regarding the effect of study time on students’ achievements in mathematics. Results showed that more study time led to higher performance scores in mathematics. Further analyses revealed that low-performing students in the first school year (2017-2018) who increased their study time in the following year (2018-2019) revealed greatest gains in performance in the same school year (2018-2019) and even in the year after (2019-2020). Finally, results replicated previous observations of robust performance scores within students over the three school years, with performance scores in 2017-2018 predicting those of 2018-2019 which predicted those of 2019-2020. These results support the idea that students, in particular low-performing students, can boost their academic abilities to upper levels when increasing their study time.

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Formale objektorientierte Softwareentwicklung mit FOX{\cal F}{{\scriptstyle{\cal O}{\cal X}}}     

Klaus Achatz und Wolfram Schulte 《Informatik - Forschung und Entwicklung》1997,12(4):174-185

Zusammenfassung.   Wir stellen die neue Methode vor, die auf die formale Entwicklung sequentieller, objektorientierter Softwaresysteme abzielt. ist eine synergetische Kombination aus der semiformalen Methode Fusion und der formalen Spezifikationssprache Object-Z. Die Methode unterscheidet ausdrücklich Analyse und Entwurf, um die Komplexit?t und die unterschiedlichen Aufgaben der Softwareentwicklung zu bew?ltigen. In jeder Entwicklungsphase werden Zustands- und Verhaltensspezifikationen in graphischer oder textueller Form erstellt. Wir geben Beweisverpflichtungen an, um zu gew?hrleisten, da? die entwickelten Spezifikationen formal konsistent und vollst?ndig sind, und da? das resultierende System zur Ausgangsspezifikation konform ist. Wir illustrieren die Anwendung von an einem einfachen Beispiel, einem Grapheditor. Eingegangen am 24. Dezember 1996 / Angenommen am 8.10.1997  相似文献   

The effect of use and access on citations     

Michael J. Kurtz  Guenther Eichhorn  Alberto Accomazzi  Carolyn Grant  Markus Demleitner  Edwin Henneken  Stephen S. Murray 《Information processing & management》2005,41(6):1395-1402

It has been shown (Lawrence, S. (2001). Online or invisible? Nature, 411, 521) that journal articles which have been posted without charge on the internet are more heavily cited than those which have not been. Using data from the NASA Astrophysics Data System (ads.harvard.edu) and from the ArXiv e-print archive at Cornell University (arXiv.org) we examine the causes of this effect.  相似文献   

Influence of mother, father, and child risk on parenting and children's cognitive and social behaviors   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Cabrera NJ  Fagan J  Wight V  Schadler C 《Child development》2011,82(6):1985-2005

The association among mothers', fathers', and infants' risk and cognitive and social behaviors at 24 months was examined using structual equation modeling and data on 4,200 on toddlers and their parents from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort. There were 3 main findings. First, for cognitive outcomes, maternal risk was directly and indirectly linked to it through maternal sensitivity whereas paternal risk was only indirectly related through maternal sensitivity. Second, for social behaviors, maternal and paternal risks were indirectly linked through maternal sensitivity and father engagement. Third, maternal and paternal levels of risk were linked to maternal supportiveness whereas mothers' and children's risk were linked to paternal cognitive stimulation. Implications are that policy makers must take into account effects of mothers', children's, and fathers' risk on young children's functioning.  相似文献   

Changes in the prevalence of child sexual abuse, its risk factors, and their associations as a function of age cohort in a Finnish population sample     

Laaksonen T  Sariola H  Johansson A  Jern P  Varjonen M  von der Pahlen B  Sandnabba NK  Santtila P 《Child abuse & neglect》2011,35(7):480-490

Objective

We examined (1) the prevalence of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) experiences as a function of cohort and gender, (2) the prevalence of factors associated with CSA as a function of cohort and whether the association of these factors with CSA remained the same irrespective of cohort, and (3) whether any cohort differences could be explainable by cohort differences in reporting bias.

Method

We used the responses of 4,561 men (M = 29, SD = 7 years) and 8,361 female (M = 29, SD = 7 years) Finnish participants who responded to the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form as well as questions regarding family structure.

Results

The prevalence of CSA experiences varied between 0.7-4.6% for men and 1.8-7.5% for women depending on the item. Younger cohorts reported less CSA as well as less of the risk factors (physical neglect and abuse, emotional neglect and abuse, parental substances abuse, not growing up with both biological parents) that were positively associated with the likelihood of CSA. The effects of these risk factors did not vary as a function of the cohort. Also, the declining trend was not explainable by social desirability being higher in the younger cohorts.

Conclusions

The results suggest that there is a real decline in the prevalence of CSA and it is associated with a simultaneous decline in factors associated with CSA.  相似文献   

The funding-productivity-gender nexus in science,a multistage analysis     

Cornelia Lawson  Aldo Geuna  Ugo Finardi 《Research Policy》2021,50(3):104182

This paper contributes to the literature on the observed research funding and scientific productivity gender gap in science. On the basis of very detailed information for a sample of 276 academics at the University of Turin over a ten year period, we develop a robust new model that takes into account the three main stages of the funding-productivity nexus: applying for a grant, successful fund raising and conducting the research, to investigate at which stage the gender gap emerges. In the model, we control for differences – not previously examined together - in the time allocated to teaching, administration and child care, which might moderate the gender effect. Using a Two-Stage Least Square (2SLS) model we control, for selection into funding, endogeneity of career progress and endogeneity of funding success, and find, first, that researchers who apply for grants are active in teaching and administration and show persistent funding application behaviour, but find no evidence of a significant gender bias; second, when we control for application selection, the negative gender correlation with funding acquisition becomes stronger, while teaching is negatively correlated to the amount of funding raised; and, third, controlling for selection and reverse causality, we find that funding is not associated to higher research productivity. At all stages of the funding-productivity nexus we find negative, albeit insignificant, secondary gender effects associated with administrative tasks, but less so with teaching. In the research impact-quality estimations we provide evidence of a ‘motherhood penalty’ for female academics with young children who did not apply for funding (including evidence of a causal effect). In line with the literature, we find that, after controlling for children, female researchers are less productive in terms of publications, but not in terms of research quality or impact.  相似文献   

Instructional guidelines based on conceptions of students and scientists about economic and population growth within planetary boundaries     

Lampert  Irene  Niebert  Kai  Wilhelm  Markus 《International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education》2022,20(7):1315-1336

International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education - The burden placed by human activities on Earth is ever-increasing. Global environmental changes have profoundly affected the...  相似文献