The effect of pedal crank arm length on joint angle and power production in upright cycle ergometry     

Danny Too  GERALD E. Landwer 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(3):153-161

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of five pedal crank arm lengths (110, 145, 180, 230 and 265 mm) on hip, knee and ankle angles and on the peak, mean and minimum power production of 11 males (26.6 +/- 3.8 years, 179 +/- 8 cm, 79.6 +/- 9.5 kg) during upright cycle ergometry. Computerized 30 s Wingate power tests were performed on a free weight Monark cycle ergometer against a resistance of 8.5% body weight. Joint angles were determined, with an Ariel Performance Analysis System, from videotape recorded at 100 Hz. Repeated-measures analysis of variance and contrast comparisons revealed that, with increasing crank arm lengths, there was a significant decrement in the minimum hip and knee angles, a significant increment in the ranges of motion of the joints, and a parabolic curve to describe power production. The largest peak and mean powers occurred with a crank arm length of 180 mm. We conclude that 35 mm changes in pedal crank arm length significantly alter both hip and knee joint angles and thus affect cycling performance.  相似文献   

Reimagining the Role of Human Services Workers: Staff Experiences of a Social Change Initiative     

Nancy Spencer-Cavaliere  Bethan C. Kingsley  Carmen Norris 《International Journal of Disability, Development & Education》2018,65(2):214-228

Despite recognition that social inclusion is a primary goal within the field of human services, people with disabilities continue to live lives of clienthood, marginalisation, and exclusion and human services staff struggle to make social inclusion a priority. The purpose of this study was to explore the perspectives of human services staff about their experiences of an organisationally inspired initiative intended to change the focus of their everyday practices to better facilitate the social inclusion of persons with disabilities. A qualitative case study was used to gather observations, field and reflective notes, semi-structured interviews with staff (n = 15), and reflexive journaling. Thematic analysis of the data led to three themes: (a) challenges, old and new, (b) needing (careful) change, and (c) creating, learning and working together. These findings highlight the complexity of how to create change in the field of human services, but also demonstrate how innovative approaches have the potential to shift and reimagine how human services workers can better support people with disabilities in living meaningful lives.  相似文献   

Accumulating subcultural capital through sport event participation: The AFL International Cup     

Sheranne Fairley  Danny O’Brien 《Sport Management Review》2018,21(3):321-332

In this study, the authors use participant interviews to examine how participating in an international event enabled the accumulation of subcultural capital. The authors conducted interviews with players (N = 9) in the Australian Football League (AFL) International Cup from Canada, USA, New Zealand, and Ireland. The AFL International Cup created a liminal state offering individuals with opportunities for: (a) national representation; (b) international competition and comparison; (c) cross-cultural learning and interaction; (d) sport subcultural engagement; and, (d) authentic game experiences. The resulting experience enabled participants a deeper connection with the sport subculture, which created the potential for sport advocacy in their home countries. Results will assist international sport event hosts in creating meaningful participant experiences that facilitate deeper personal attachments to the sporting subculture.  相似文献   

Axiomatics as a paradigm for structuring subject matter     

John Stelzer  Edward Kingsley 《Instructional Science》1975,3(4):383-450

A comprehensive model of instruction should include as one component a representation of the instructional subject matter. In order to represent subject matter a theory for structuring subject matter is required. A general theory for structuring and describing such structures is provided herein. Subject matter structure is composed of two components: content and tasks. The theory presented to structure content is based on the paradigm of axiomatics. Content elements consist of Primary Notions, Secondary Notions, Basic Principles and Established Principles. Two relationships, “used in the formulation of” and “used to establish,” provided the basic structure relating these Constituents. Coordinating relations associate task subsets with content constituents. Task subsets provide the theoretical analog to criterion tests. The notion of dependency is introduced and investigated briefly. Also, a method is provided for developing the complete set of dependency relationships for content constituents. Three examples are provided to further clarify the theoretical model.  相似文献   

An assessment of debt‐for‐education swaps. Case studies on swap initiatives between Germany and Indonesia and between Spain and El Salvador     

Danny Cassimon  Dennis Essers  Robrecht Renard 《比较教育学》2011,47(2):139-156

A decade has passed since participants in the World Education Forum committed themselves to achieve, by 2015, the six Education for All (EFA) goals under the Dakar Framework for Action. Despite significant progress, some of the goals are likely to be missed by a large margin. Besides the absence of a well co‐ordinated multi‐donor approach in education, another major problem is the lack of funds: the EFA financing gap in low‐income countries is now estimated at around $16 billion annually. This article zooms in on debt swaps as one particular instrument of innovative financing. More specifically it assesses the macro‐economic impacts of debt‐for‐education swaps and their relation to the aid approach now advocated by the donor community. It does so on the basis of theoretical insights from debt relief and case studies on recent swap initiatives between Germany and Indonesia and between Spain and El Salvador. Our conclusions are mixed. On the one hand, typical debt swaps suffer from macro‐economic flaws and, in view of competition amongst sectors, have limited potential in narrowing the EFA deficit. On the other hand, our case studies suggest that debt‐for‐education swaps can be engineered to better comply with the needs of recipient ownership and could in the future address deserving niche problems.  相似文献   

Cultural Underpinnings of Gender Development: Studying Gender Among Children of Immigrants     

Kingsley M. Schroeder  Mayra Y. Bámaca-Colbert 《Child development》2019,90(4):1005-1015

This article addresses the historical divide between gender development researchers and developmental researchers working with immigrant populations, advocating for the benefits gained by bridging research approaches and interests. For gender researchers, the immigrant context allows for the examination of how children embedded in multiple cultures navigate the potentially conflicting information about appropriate gendered behaviors and attitudes. Furthermore, research focusing on immigrant development can move beyond examining gender differences and benefit from understanding the ways in which gender differences develop. This bridging seems particularly relevant in middle childhood, given (a) the exposure to multiple contexts which increase the salience of cultural differences between home and outside-of-home environments and (b) greater awareness and internalization of collective identities (i.e., gender, ethnicity).  相似文献   

Putting the “P” in PT     

Danny Langdon 《Performance Improvement》2000,39(2):5-7

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以巧破千钧 发球抢攻之近网轻击     

Danny  大志 《体育博览》2010,(2):34-35

在业余比赛中,更多的人喜欢站在底线那里等待对手的失误,但往往对手还没有失误自己却由于体力不支而先行缴械。所以对于业余球员来讲,合理运用发球抢攻战术能够节省宝贵的体力,并主动逼迫对手出现失误。  相似文献   

100只猴子的品牌命名     

Danny 《世界发明》2009,(4):94-94

如果你有一个坏名字,那可真是后患无穷。通用汽车的品牌“NOVA”,在英语里面好听,但在西班牙语中它是“走不动”的意思,所以在那些说西班牙语的拉丁美洲国家中这一款车无人问津  相似文献   

The technology is not a substitute for logic     

Danny G. Langdon 《Performance Improvement》1985,24(7):7-8

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