Computer based simulation of laboratory experiments     

Norrie S. Edward 《British journal of educational technology : journal of the Council for Educational Technology》1997,28(1):51-63

The author is currently developing computer based simulations of practical laboratory experiments in engineering. He takes the view that the aim of computer based simulations is to provide a learning experience as close to that of the lab as possible. This requires that the learning outcomes and methodology of practical work be established.
The paper starts with a review of published opinions on the intended learning outcomes of practical work. The views of staff and students of the School were established by conducting an internal survey. The paper then outlines the types of simulations possible on the computer before concentrating on the development of the operational simulations being used in the present context. The approach to obtaining fidelity in operation forms the main part of the paper.
The author is currently engaged in evaluating the effectiveness of one of the packages. He discusses the approach being taken and his views on the advantages and disadvantages of simulation. It is hoped that a subsequent paper will publish the results of the evaluation.  相似文献   

Issues in cross-cultural counseling: An examination of the meaning and dimensions of tolerance     

Judith A. Sutter  Edward J. McCaul 《International journal for the advancement of counseling》1993,16(1):3-18

While there is a clear need to address the ethical dimensions of cross-cultural counseling, the current literature lacks both a theoretical model of ethnic tolerance and a suitable measure for assessing the construct. The present study addressed this gap in the extant literature by (a) developing a measure of ethnic tolerance based upon extensive field work, (b) examining the measure's reliability and construct validity in light of two models of ethnic tolerance, and (c) examining the relationship of several factors (e.g., age, gender, and exposure to those of a different culture) to scores on the tolerance measure. Results indicated that the tolerance measure was best viewed as a unidimensional construct, had substantial content validity, and had modest construct validity. Respondents with more social contact with immigrants, as well as those who had positive experiences with immigrants, tended to score higher on the tolerance measure. Results underscore both the complexity of factors associated with tolerance and the need for counselor education programs to provide arenas for students to become aware of their own values and biases and how these may affect culturally-different clients.  相似文献   

Designing Teaching and Assessment Methods for Diverse Student Populations     

Mika Cho  Edward Forde 《The International Journal of Art & Design Education》2001,20(1):86-95

The American student population is becoming increasingly diverse in terms of race and culture. To address this pluralism, a study of learning style preferences was developed for purposes of designing more relevant teaching and assessment methods. Different theories of learning styles were incorporated into a survey that was administered to 483 students at four major universities. This survey compared learning style preferences according to ethnic and socio‐economic categories. Although it initially focused on students in Art and Design, it was eventually expanded to other disciplines for more inclusive reliability. The statistical analyses of this study are presented with corresponding recommendations for more effective teaching and assessment practices.  相似文献   

Generating multiple solutions for a problem: A comparison of the responses of U.S. and Japanese students     

Edward A. Silver  Shukkwan S. Leung  Jinfa Cai 《Educational Studies in Mathematics》1995,28(1):35-54

A task involving simple mathematics, yet complex in its call for the generation of multiple solution methods, was administered to about 150 U.S. students, most of whom were in fourth grade. Written responses were examined for correctness, evidence of strategy use and mode of explanation. Results for the U.S. sample were also compared to those obtained from about 200 Japanese fourth-grade students. Students in both countries (a) produced multiple solutions and explanations of their solutions, (b) exhibited almost identical patterns and frequency of strategy use across response occasions, and (c) used the same kinds of explanations, with a majority of the responses involving solution explanations that combined both visual and verbal/symbolic features. Nevertheless, Japanese students tended to produce explanations involving more sophisticated mathematical ideas (multiplication rather than addition) and formalisms (mathematical expressions rather than verbal explanations) than did U.S. students.  相似文献   

Surprise and change: Variations in the strength of present and absent cues in causal learning     

Wasserman EA  Castro L 《Learning & behavior》2005,33(2):131-146

It is said that “absence makes the heart grow fonder.” But, when and why does an absent event become salient to the heart or to the brain? An absent event may become salient when its nonoccurrence is surprising. Van Hamme and Wasserman (1994) found that a nonpresented but expected stimulus can actually change its associative status—and in the opposite direction from a presented stimulus. Associative models like that of Rescorla and Wagner (1972) focus only on presented cues; so, they cannot explain this result. However, absent cues can be permitted to change their value by assigning different learning parameters to present and absent cues. Van Hamme and Wasserman revised the Rescorla-Wagner model so that the α parameter is positive for present cues, but negative for absent cues; now, changes in the associative strength of absent cues move in the opposite direction as presented ones. This revised Rescorla-Wagner model can thus explain such otherwise vexing empirical findings as backward blocking, recovery from overshadowing, and backward conditioned inhibition. Moreover, the revised model predicts new effects. For example, explicit information about the absence of nonpresented cues should increase their salience (that is, their negative α value should be larger), leading to stronger associative changes than when no explicit mention is made of cue absence. Support for this prediction is detailed in a new causal judgment experiment in which participants rated the effectiveness of different foods’ triggering a patient’s allergic reaction. Overall, these and other findings encourage us to view human causal learning from an associative perspective.  相似文献   

Book reviews     

Robert Heinich  John S. Clayton  James Q. Knowlton  Paul Saettler  Frederick G. Knirk  Malcolm Fleming  William F. O’Neill  Robert W. Wagner  Edward S. Herman  Donald P. Hammer 《Educational technology research and development : ETR & D》1970,18(1):88-117

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论学术自由   总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12  

爱德华·希尔斯  林杰 《北京大学教育评论》2005,3(1):63-72

学术自由在西方高等教育研究领域是个“显课题” ,这与西方国家的政治、文化背景密切相关。许多西方学者站在不同的学科立场加入到这一问题的争论之中 ,使学术自由的研究呈开放态势。本文作者E·希尔斯是美国著名社会学家、功能主义学派的领袖人物之一。希尔斯本人的政治立场是保守主义的 ,从本文可窥见一斑。而他却善于从更为广阔的社会背景出发 ,对学术自由探幽发微 ,巨细不遗 ,着重阐述了学术自由与外部权威之间的矛盾关系 ,并着重论及学者的政治自由问题 ,为学术自由的研究开辟了新的视野。  相似文献   

An Analysis of Peer Feedback Exchanged in Group Supervision          下载免费PDF全文

Edward Wahesh  Gulsah Kemer  Ben T. Willis  Christopher D. Schmidt 《Counselor Education & Supervision》2017,56(4):274-288

The authors examined the peer feedback exchanged in 2 supervision groups of counselors‐in‐training (CITs). CITs generated 169 statements grouped into 10 clusters representing 5 regions of peer feedback: counselor focus and engagement, insight‐oriented skills, exploratory skills, therapeutic alliance, and intervention activities. Both positive and corrective peer feedback was exchanged on topics ranging from counselor performance skills to case conceptualization.  相似文献   

Open-field behavior of wild and domestic Norway rats     

Edward O. Price  U. William Huck 《Learning & behavior》1976,4(2):125-130

The open-field behavior of wild and domestic Norway rats was compared in 15-min tests administered over 5 successive days. Wild rats exhibited more ambulation, jumping, grooming, and time inactive than domestic rats and spent more time along the arena wall. Within- and between-trial changes in behavior were generally greater for wild rats. Factor analyses revealed major loadings on factors identified as “locomotor behavior” and “grooming.” Support was obtained for the hypothesis that domestication has raised the threshold for avoidance-escape behavior in response to a novel environment.  相似文献   

Social working memory: Memory for another rat's spatial choices can increase or decrease choice tendencies     

Brown MF  Knight-Green MB  Lorek EJ  Packard C  Shallcross WL  Wifall T  Price T  Schumann E 《Learning & behavior》2008,36(4):327-340

In two experiments using a radial-arm maze, pairs of rats made choices among eight maze locations, each containing a large quantity of one of two food types. The choices made by 1 rat affected the choices made by the other rat. Under most conditions, visits by 1 rat increased the tendency of the other rat to subsequently choose that maze location. However, the effect depended on the quality of the food available in a particular location. When it was possible for the rats to observe each other on the maze arms and a rat had experienced that a location contained the less preferred food type, a previous visit to that location by the foraging partner decreased the tendency to visit that location. These effects are attributed to working memory for the spatial choices of another rat, and they indicate that memory produced by a rat’s own visit to a maze location is integrated with memory for the behavior of another rat to determine spatial choice  相似文献