Neurological impairment in maltreated children     

Arthur H. Green  Kytja Voeller  Richard Gaines  John Kubie 《Child abuse & neglect》1981,5(2):129-134

The neurological competency of maltreated children was assessed by comparing physically abused children not known to have sustained serious head trauma, neglected children, and normally raised children from the same socioeconomic milieu. Each child underwent physical and neurological examinations including EEGs, supplemented by perceptual-motor tests devised to detect subtle evidence of neurological dysfunction. Obstetrical and developmental histories, as well as intelligence test protocols, were available. Blind ratings by a pediatric neurologist using all available information revealed significantly more impairment in the maltreated groups with more than 50% of the abused children in the moderate or severely impaired category. The complex relationship between the maltreating environment and neurological disorders in these populations is discussed including the need to routinely search for evidence of subtle neurological impairment when maltreatment is known or suspected.  相似文献   

Equality of opportunity for work experience? Computing students at two UK universities “play the game”     

Sally Smith  Ella Taylor-Smith  Liz Bacon  Lachlan Mackinnon 《British Journal of Sociology of Education》2019,40(3):324-339

A recent UK Government commissioned study found concerning levels of unemployment among computing students from disadvantaged, black and minority ethnic backgrounds. The study highlighted that work experience was a factor in increased levels of graduate employment. As such, it is vital that students have equal access to such work experience. This study considers the availability of work experience to 140 computing students at two city centre UK universities. Data analysis considered socioeconomic background and ethnicity to determine if these influenced attitudes to work experience. While students’ socioeconomic backgrounds and ethnicity had little influence on their interest in work experience, patterns of success in gaining work experience reflected worrying graduate (un)employment patterns, with those from disadvantaged, black or minority ethnic backgrounds less able to secure work experience. These findings have serious implications for university and government policies promoting work experience and highlight the need for national interventions.  相似文献   

Training,stability and control   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

B. R. Gaines 《Instructional Science》1974,3(2):151-176

This paper presents a system-theoretic approach to the analysis of the problem of training formally relating it to the control of an abstract dynamic system, the adaption automaton of the trainee. The utility of this formulation and the possibility of basing real training strategies upon it are discussed, and it is argued that further constraints upon the automaton are both necessary, and available, in so far as the theory corresponds to practical reality. The minimal constraints generate an extended theory in which training is related to the stability of the adaption automaton. More practical constraints lead to theoretical foundations for strategies of feedback or adaptive training. Corresponding to each set of constraints a training theorem is proved which demonstrates that the constraint is adequate to lead to a simple universal training strategy.Although this paper is highly theoretical it is argued that the formal concepts introduced correspond to intuitive models of the phenomena of learning and training which are implicit in the design of many training systems. It is hoped that the formal analysis will throw new light on these implicit assumptions and help to clarify discussion of practical approaches to training, including the possibility of computer-aided instruction given on our present level of knowledge of human cognitive skills or individual students.  相似文献   

An investigation of proportional time spent in various communication activities by college students     

Larry Barker  Karen Gladney  Renee Edwards  Frances Holley  Connie Gaines 《Journal of Applied Communication Research》2013,41(2):101-109

This article examines ethics of consultants from the perspective of counter‐rational organizational theory. First, a set of four ethical questions, derived from Kohlberg, are presented. Second, a real consulting scenario is described, and the author's intervention is outlined. Finally, the implications of the case to consulting practice are discussed.  相似文献   

Paired-associate performance in normal and learning-disabled youngsters     

Richard S. Prawat  Paul Gaines 《Psychology in the schools》1974,11(2):149-152

  相似文献   

Values as protective factors against violent behavior in Jewish and Arab high schools in Israel     

Knafo A  Daniel E  Khoury-Kassabri M 《Child development》2008,79(3):652-667

This study tested the hypothesis that values, abstract goals serving as guiding life principles, become relatively important predictors of adolescents' self-reported violent behavior in school environments in which violence is relatively common. The study employed a students-nested-in-schools design. Arab and Jewish adolescents ( N = 907, M age = 16.8), attending 33 Israeli schools, reported their values and their own violent behavior. Power values correlated positively, and universalism and conformity correlated negatively with self-reported violent behavior, accounting for 12% of the variance in violent behavior, whereas school membership accounted for 6% of the variance. In schools in which violence was more common, power values' relationship with adolescents' self-reported violence was especially positive, and the relationship of universalism with self-reported violence was especially negative.  相似文献   

Compelling evidence: an influence on middle school students’ accounts that may impact decision-making about socioscientific issues     

Katherine Emery  Ali Whitmer  Steven Gaines 《Environmental Education Research》2017,23(8):1115-1129

This study investigates how middle school students make hypothetical purchasing, consuming, and voting decisions about environmental and science-related issues – a key component of environmental literacy. Fifty-three female students were given a packet containing multiple excerpts of information from conflicting positions from stakeholders and interviewed about how they would make decisions about environmental and science-related issues. We first investigated whether and how information presented as evidence influenced students’ accounts that may impact their decision-making (i.e. to make or change decisions). We then investigated how evidence type affected students’ decision-making. Findings indicated that most students did not change their stance after reading additional contrasting information presented as evidence. Implications for science teaching and learning are discussed.  相似文献   

Value differentiation in adolescence: the role of age and cultural complexity   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Daniel E  Schiefer D  Möllering A  Benish-Weisman M  Boehnke K  Knafo A 《Child development》2012,83(1):322-336

Living in complex social worlds, individuals encounter discordant values across life contexts, potentially resulting in different importance of values across contexts. Value differentiation is defined here as the degree to which values receive different importance depending on the context in which they are considered. Early and mid-adolescents (N = 3,497; M = 11.45 years, SD = 0.87 and M = 16.10 years, SD = 0.84, respectively) from 4 cultural groups (majority and former Soviet Union immigrants in Israel and Germany) rated their values in 3 contexts (family, school, and country). Value differentiation varied across individuals. Early adolescents showed lower value differentiation than mid-adolescents. Immigrant (especially first generation) adolescents, showed higher value differentiation than majority adolescents, reflecting the complex social reality they face while negotiating cultures.  相似文献   

Relation of Performance of Selected Physical Skills to Perceptual Aspects of Reading Readiness in Elementary School Children     

Dr. Ella M. Trussell 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(2):383-390

Abstract

Relationships between performance scores in reading achievement, Frostig Developmental Test of Visual Perception, Lincoln-Oseretsky Motor Development Scale, two perceptual-motor tasks and eye-hand dominance tests were studied in 75 first and second grade children. Correlations among many variables were significant although none were high enough for reliable prediction of one variable from another. Mixed eye-hand dominance was not found to be associated with deficient performance in any of the tests. Factor analysis failed to provide factors indicative of interrelationships among elements of visual, motor, and reading functions.  相似文献   

Competency-Based Reforms of the Undergraduate Biology Curriculum: Integrating the Physical and Biological Sciences     

Katerina V. Thompson  Jean Chmielewski  Michael S. Gaines  Christine A. Hrycyna  William R. LaCourse 《CBE life sciences education》2013,12(2):162-169

The National Experiment in Undergraduate Science Education project funded by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute is a direct response to the Scientific Foundations for Future Physicians report, which urged a shift in premedical student preparation from a narrow list of specific course work to a more flexible curriculum that helps students develop broad scientific competencies. A consortium of four universities is working to create, pilot, and assess modular, competency-based curricular units that require students to use higher-order cognitive skills and reason across traditional disciplinary boundaries. Purdue University; the University of Maryland, Baltimore County; and the University of Miami are each developing modules and case studies that integrate the biological, chemical, physical, and mathematical sciences. The University of Maryland, College Park, is leading the effort to create an introductory physics for life sciences course that is reformed in both content and pedagogy. This course has prerequisites of biology, chemistry, and calculus, allowing students to apply strategies from the physical sciences to solving authentic biological problems. A comprehensive assessment plan is examining students’ conceptual knowledge of physics, their attitudes toward interdisciplinary approaches, and the development of specific scientific competencies. Teaching modules developed during this initial phase will be tested on multiple partner campuses in preparation for eventual broad dissemination.  相似文献