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101.
Gabriel M Peterson 《Journal of the Medical Library Association》2010,98(2):135-139
Objective:
This research measures the effectiveness of the practice of correction and republication of invalidated articles in the biomedical literature by analyzing the rate of citation of the flawed and corrected versions of scholarly articles over time. If the practice of correction and republication is effective, then the incidence of citation of flawed versions should diminish over time and increased incidence of citation of the republication should be observed.Methods:
This is a bibliometric study using citation analysis and statistical analysis of pairs of flawed and corrected articles in MEDLINE and Web of Science.Results:
The difference between citation levels of flawed originals and corrected republications does not approach statistical significance until eight to twelve years post-republication. Results showed substantial variability among bibliographic sources in their provision of authoritative bibliographic information.Conclusions:
Correction and republication is a marginally effective biblioremediative practice. The data suggest that inappropriate citation behavior may be partly attributable to author ignorance.Highlights
- The citation of flawed articles occurs at a rate nearly equal to that of corrected versions.
- The practice of correction and republication is only marginally effective and does not prevent the continued citation of flawed articles post-correction, with the analysis finding only a slight reduction in the citation of flawed articles after publication of the corrected version.
- Neither MEDLINE nor Web of Science consistently alert users when dealing with corrected and republished literature.
Implications
- The practice of correction and republication would be more effective if prominent sources of bibliographic information were more consistent in providing users with information about the status of corrected and republished articles and the existence of post-publication modifications to the literature.
- It is incumbent upon the scientific community to raise the profile of post-publication changes to the literature to prevent the wasteful and potentially tragic consequences of scientists and medical professionals applying flawed information. Failure to do so will surely result in a reduction of public trust in the reliability of the scientific literature and its users.
102.
Marko Neumann M.A. Dr. Gabriel Nagy Univ.-Prof. Dr. Ulrich Trautwein Univ.-Prof. Dr. Oliver Lüdtke 《Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft》2009,12(4):691-714
This article examines differences in the mathematics and English proficiency of academic-track students in Baden-Württemberg (N?=?3526) and Hamburg (N?=?3734), investigating whether and to what extent these differences are reflected in the Abitur grades the students are awarded. The article also examines the extent to which scores in centrally conducted examinations provide better comparability than do coursework grades. Multilevel analyses predicting coursework grades in mathematics revealed clear between-state differences, with students in Hamburg being awarded higher mathematics grades than comparably able students in Baden-Württemberg. These differences are partly attributable to frame of reference effects and their impact on teachers’ grading practices. No corresponding between-state differences were found for English. Mathematics examination scores provided a much better measure of student achievement than mathematics coursework grades. The findings are discussed in terms of meritocratic access to sought-after university and training places. 相似文献
103.
Céline Darnon Fabrizio Butera Gabriel Mugny Alain Quiamzade Chris S. Hulleman 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》2009,24(4):423-434
Classroom research on achievement goals has revealed that performance-approach goals (goals to outperform others) positively
predict exam performance whereas performance-avoidance goals (goals not to perform more poorly than others) negatively predict
it. Because prior classroom research has primarily utilized multiple-choice exam performance, the first aim of the present
study was to extend these findings to a different measure of exam performance (oral examination). The second aim of this research
was to test the mediating role of perceived difficulty. Participants were 49 4th year psychology students of the University
of Geneva. Participants answered a questionnaire assessing their level of performance-approach and performance-avoidance goal
endorsement in one of their classes as well as the perceived difficulty of this class for themselves. Results indicated that
performance-approach goals significantly and positively predicted exam grades. Performance-avoidance goals significantly and
negatively predicted grades. Both of these relationships were mediated by the perceived difficulty of the class for oneself.
Thus, the links previously observed between performance goals and exam performance were replicated on an oral exam. Perceived
difficulty is discussed as a key dimension responsible for these findings. 相似文献
104.
Alain Quiamzade Gabriel Mugny Juan Manuel Falomir-Pichastor 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》2009,24(2):181-190
An experimental study investigated the influence of informational dependence on information appropriation as a function of epistemic authority’s styles. In a 2×2 design, university students were informed that acknowledging epistemic dependence was related either to academic success or to academic failure, and were exposed to controversial information from an epistemic authority that used either an authoritarian or a democratic style. The main dependent variable was the extent to which participants appropriated the controversial information. Firstly the results showed that students were more inclined to admit that their own academic competence depended on the information delivered by the teachers when epistemic dependence was related to success rather than to failure. Secondly, the admittance of dependence had a different impact on information appropriation according to the authority’s style. Admittance increased appropriation under a democratic style whereas it decreased appropriation under an authoritarian style. 相似文献
105.
Kiewitz Christian; Weaver James B. III; Brosius Hans-Bernd; Weimann Gabriel 《Int. Journal of Public Opinion Research》1997,9(3):233-247
Do the listening styles preferred by young adults in Germany,Israel, and the USA differ significantly? In order to addressthis question, college students in all three countries completedversions of the Listening Styles Profile (LSP; Watson et al.1995) presented in their native languages. Factor analysis revealedfour predominant constructs underlying the LSP, which were designatedas people, action, content, and time listening styles. Comparisonsbetween the three cultures revealed distinctively differentpatterns of listening style preferences, with Germans preferringthe action style, Israelis endorsing the content style, andAmericans favoring both the people and time styles. 相似文献
106.
107.
The use of emotions in political campaigns is known and welldocumented. From its earliest days in the Roman Empire or laterin Crusader times to its extensive use by the Nazi regime, politicalpropaganda attempted to seduce and convince, attract and influencetargeted publics by appealing to their emotions. Appeals tofear, hope, pride, anger, and anxiety are frequent in moderncampaigns too. Yet no attempts appear to have been made to developa methodological tool for the objective and systematic identificationof the use of such appeals. This research is based on the design,testing, and validation of a research instrument intended tomeasure quantitatively and comparatively the use of emotionalappeals in two Israeli election campaigns (1996 and 1999). Italso reports findings from an application of the new measureto test specific hypotheses on the use of emotional appealsacross campaigns and parties. 相似文献
108.
Looking for Opinion Leaders: Traditional vs. Modern Measures in Traditional Societies 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Weimann Gabriel; Tustin Deon Harold; van Vuuren Daan; Joubert J. P. R. 《Int. Journal of Public Opinion Research》2007,19(2):173-190
Since the introduction of the opinion leadership conceptualization,both practitioners and academics have been keenly interestedin its applicability in modern society. Numerous studies havebeen conducted to identify potential opinion leaders, learnof the characteristics distinguishing them from their followers,and understand how they exert their personal influence to changeopinions and behaviors of the masses. Despite the growing researchon opinion leadership, the identification of appropriate opinionleaders for practical purposes continues to be a challenge.Several methods were used to identify opinion leaders. The existenceof numerous methods and their use in various societies, socialsettings and cultures and the variance across domains of opinionleadership raises questions on the applicability and validityof the modern, advanced measures when applied to other socialsettings. The present study is in fact a first attempt to applythe modern personality strength (PS) scale to a traditionalcommunity. The PS scale was found to be an efficient, valid,and useful instrument to identify opinion leaders in numerousstudies. However, it was always used, tested, and validatedin Western societies (e.g., Germany, USA, and Israel). Whenwe applied the method in the Skukuza community, a small villagein South Africa, the findings revealed the inapplicability ofthe scale in a traditional community. Several factors are suggestedto explain the futility of the PS scale in a traditional society. 相似文献
109.
Dr. Jochen Kramer Prof. Dr. Gabriel Nagy Prof. Dr. Ulrich Trautwein Prof. Dr. Oliver L??dtke Prof. Dr. Kathrin Jonkmann Prof. Dr. Kai Maaz Prof. Dr. Rainer Treptow 《Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft》2011,14(3):465-487
In Germany, different types of university-level institutions are available for tertiary education: traditional universities (Universit?ten) and??since the 1970s??universities of applied science (Fachhochschulen) as well as universities of cooperative education (Berufsakademien). The present study investigates differences in key areas related to students?? academic choices and success: do students at different types of university differ significantly in terms of cognitive performance, personality or social background? We compared N?=?1.230 students at traditional universities, universities of applied science, and universities of cooperative education (Baden-W??rttemberg Cooperative State University) on the basis of a large scale longitudinal study in the German federal state of Baden-W??rttemberg. Students of the different university types differed significantly in all three key areas (cognitive performance, personality, and social background) within the fields of technical sciences and economics. We determine the relative importance of these key areas for differences between university types and we discuss the implications of our findings. 相似文献
110.
Four experiments examined generalization of latent inhibition (LI) as a function of the length of preexposure in a conditioned
taste aversion procedure with rats. Experiment 1 showed that one or four nonreinforced presentations of a flavor compound (BX) retarded subsequent conditioning to another
compound (AX). However, after eight presentations of BX, conditioning to AX occurred at the same rate as with no preexposure.
These results indicate that generalization of LI decreased as the length of preexposure to BX increased. Experiment 2 replicated this effect of reducing generalization, as well as demonstrating that LI actually increased as the length of preexposure
to AX increased. Experiment 3 extended the generality of the effect to a procedure in which both BX and AX were preexposed. Experiment 4 demonstrated a similar reducing-generalization effect when generalization of LI from BX to X was assessed. All of these data
are consistent with the notion that prolonged preexposure to BX enhances its discriminability. Different learning mechanisms
that might be responsible for this perceptual learning effect are discussed. 相似文献