New perspectives in gaze sensitivity research     

Gabrielle L. Davidson  Nicola S. Clayton 《Learning & behavior》2016,44(1):9-17

Attending to where others are looking is thought to be of great adaptive benefit for animals when avoiding predators and interacting with group members. Many animals have been reported to respond to the gaze of others, by co-orienting their gaze with group members (gaze following) and/or responding fearfully to the gaze of predators or competitors (i.e., gaze aversion). Much of the literature has focused on the cognitive underpinnings of gaze sensitivity, namely whether animals have an understanding of the attention and visual perspectives in others. Yet there remain several unanswered questions regarding how animals learn to follow or avoid gaze and how experience may influence their behavioral responses. Many studies on the ontogeny of gaze sensitivity have shed light on how and when gaze abilities emerge and change across development, indicating the necessity to explore gaze sensitivity when animals are exposed to additional information from their environment as adults. Gaze aversion may be dependent upon experience and proximity to different predator types, other cues of predation risk, and the salience of gaze cues. Gaze following in the context of information transfer within social groups may also be dependent upon experience with group-members; therefore we propose novel means to explore the degree to which animals respond to gaze in a flexible manner, namely by inhibiting or enhancing gaze following responses. We hope this review will stimulate gaze sensitivity research to expand beyond the narrow scope of investigating underlying cognitive mechanisms, and to explore how gaze cues may function to communicate information other than attention.  相似文献   

Looking back,looking forward: a short introduction from the new editorial team of Gender and Education     

Gabrielle Ivinson   《Gender and education》2012,24(6)

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An Introductory Environmental Science Course for Non-Science Students     

M. D. Morgan  J. M. Moran  J. H. Wiersma 《The Journal of environmental education》2013,44(3):39-41

Abstract

In 1975 and 1985, 500 randomly selected K—12 Indiana teachers were polled regarding their physical environment and related energy problems. Participants completed three instruments that had been designed for the project and dealt with (a) word recognition, (b) concept understanding, and (c) attitudes. Analysis of results indicated that teachers had limited environmental literacy but had higher marks in 1985 than in 1975.  相似文献   

Leisure education: a cross-national view     

Gabrielle Riches 《Sport, Education and Society》2013,18(4):510-512

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Essential skills for creative writing: Integrating multiple domain-specific perspectives     

Baptiste Barbot  Mei Tan  Judi Randi  Gabrielle Santa-Donato  Elena L. Grigorenko 《Thinking Skills and Creativity》2012,7(3):209-223

The aim of this work was to gather different perspectives on the “key ingredients” involved in creative writing by children – from experts of diverse disciplines, including teachers, linguists, psychologists, writers and art educators. Ultimately, we sought in the experts’ convergence or divergence insights on the relative importance of the relevant factors that may aid writing instruction, particularly for young children. We present a study using an expert knowledge elicitation method in which representatives from five domains of expertise pertaining to writing rated 28 factors (i.e., individual skills and attributes) covering six areas (general knowledge and cognition, creative cognition, conation, executive functioning, linguistic and psychomotor skills), according to their importance for creative writing. A Many-Facets Rasch Measurement (MFRM) model permitted us to quantify the relative importance of these writing factors across domain-specific expertise, while controlling for expert severity and other systematic evaluation biases. The identified similarities and domain-specific differences in the expert views offer a new basis for understanding the conceptual gaps between the scientific literature on creative writing, the writer's self-reflection on the act of writing creatively, and educators’ practices in teaching creative writing. Bridging such diverse approaches–that are, yet, relatively homogeneous within areas of expertise – appears to be useful in view of formulating process-oriented writing pedagogy that may, above all, better target the skills needed to improve children's creative writing development.  相似文献   

A qualitative study of student responses to body painting     

Gabrielle M. Finn  John C. McLachlan 《Anatomical sciences education》2010,3(1):33-38

One hundred and thirty‐three preclinical medical students participated in 24 focus groups over the period 2007–2009 at Durham University. Focus groups were conducted to ascertain whether or not medical students found body painting anatomical structures to be an educationally beneficial learning activity. Data were analyzed using a grounded theory approach. Five principal themes emerged: (1) body painting as a fun learning activity, (2) body painting promoting retention of knowledge, (3) factors contributing to the memorability of body painting, (4) removal from comfort zone, and (5) the impact of body painting on students' future clinical practice. Students perceive body painting to be a fun learning activity, which aids their retention of the anatomical knowledge acquired during the session. Sensory factors, such as visual stimuli, especially color, and the tactile nature of the activity, promote recall. Students' preference for painting a peer or being painted is often dependent upon their learning style, but there are educational benefits for both roles. The moderate amounts of undressing involved encouraging students to consider issues surrounding body image; this informs their attitudes towards future patients. Body painting is a useful adjunct to traditional anatomy and clinical skills teaching. The fun element involved in the delivery of this teaching defuses the often formal academic context, which in turn promotes a positive learning environment. Anat Sci Educ 3:33–38, 2010. © 2009 American Association of Anatomists.  相似文献   

Effective Engagement Strategies for Non-Tenure-Track Faculty in Precollege Mathematics Reform in Community Colleges     

Gabrielle Gerhard 《Community College Journal of Research & Practice》2014,38(2-3):208-217

The success of efforts to improve student outcomes in precollege mathematics at community colleges hinges on engaging and supporting non-tenure-track faculty [NTTF], who comprise a significant proportion of precollege instructional staff. Although research suggests weak departmental support and barriers and constraints to NTTF engagement, no studies have focused specifically on NTTF in the context of precollege mathematics reform in community colleges. This qualitative case study fills a gap in our understanding through interviews with seven tenure-track faculty [TTF] and 11 NTTF from three departments participating in the Washington State Rethinking Pre-College Mathematics grant. The case study examines the nature and effectiveness of strategies and incentives developed by TTF to engage their NTTF peers in department-led reform of precollege mathematics. Each department was successful in securing NTTF engagement across a broad spectrum, using strategies that included offering perquisites, professional development, and targeted instructional support. The NTTF detailed some changes in their practice, such as diversifying classroom instruction and approaches to assessment. Strategies that successfully initiated engagement (e.g., compensation) differed from those that sustained engagement, with the latter leveraging NTTF interest in growing professionally in order to improve student outcomes and build professional relationships with peers. Findings inform the delivery of NTTF professional development by suggesting that education and training expand beyond the delivery of new content to include relationship building with other faculty. The study's findings also consider NTTF professional development to be a shared responsibility among departments, colleges, systems, and NTTF.  相似文献   

Adaptive Functioning in Williams Syndrome: A Systematic Review     

Gabrielle Brawn 《International Journal of Disability, Development & Education》2018,65(2):123-147

Literature on the level of adaptive functioning and relative strengths and weaknesses in functioning of individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) was reviewed. The electronic databases PsycINFO, PubMed, Expanded Academic, Web of Science, Scopus and ProQuest were searched electronically for relevant articles and dissertations using the search terms ‘Williams syndrome’ or ‘Williams-Beuren syndrome’ combined with ‘adaptive function*’, ‘adaptive behavio*’, ‘independ*’ and ‘autonomy’. Selection criteria included English language articles, theses and book chapters, participants with a diagnosis of Williams syndrome and inclusion of a standardised assessment of adaptive functioning. Twenty-two published articles and two PhD. dissertations (one subsequently published as a poster presentation) met the selection criteria for inclusion in the review. Fifteen investigated adaptive functioning in children and adolescents aged up to 19 years of age, five investigated adaptive functioning in adults and four included participants across a wider age range and included both children and adults. Along with identifying methodological issues, the review addressed the following areas: overall level of adaptive functioning in WS, domain strengths and weaknesses, evidence of heterogeneity, relationship to intellectual ability, changes with chronological age, relationship with maladaptive behaviour, gender differences and the potential influence of environmental factors which may be related to adaptive functioning in WS.  相似文献