Prospective and retrospective timing by pigeons     

J. Gregor Fetterman  P. Richard Killeen 《Learning & behavior》2010,38(2):119-125

Pigeons discriminated between two pairs of durations: a short set (2.5 and 5 sec) and a long set (5 and 10 sec). The pairs were intermixed within sessions and identified by the colors on the signal and choice keys. Once the task was learned, the pigeons experienced the following three conditions seriatim: (1) The signal key was made ambiguous about the test change, but the choice keys were informative (retrospective); (2) the signal key identified the test range, but the choice keys did not (prospective); (3) probe trials were introduced in which the color of the center key signaled one test range, but the color of the choice keys signaled the other test range (inconsistent). Accuracy of choice decreased in the retrospective condition and, returned to baseline levels, was higher under the prospective condition than under the retrospective condition. In a final condition, referred to as conflict trials, the center-key color signified one test range and the choice-key colors the other range. The results from these conflict-inconsistent tests indicate that choice behavior was largely controlled by the signal-key color and not by the choice-key color. We relate these findings to different approaches to timing in animals.  相似文献   

Demophilia: A Discursive Counter to Demophobia in the Early Republic     

Jeremy Engels 《Quarterly Journal of Speech》2013,99(2):131-154

The term “democracy” is ambivalent—in the history of the United States, it has played both god term and devil term, and inspired both sacrifice and trembling. Robert L. Ivie has mapped the discourse by which American policy elites have said “no” to democracy—the rhetoric of “demophobia.” This essay complements his analysis by mapping the discourse by which Americans began to say “yes” to democracy during President Thomas Jefferson's administration—the rhetoric of “demophilia.” Understood as a discursive formation, demophilia creates space for rhetoric and deliberation that is closed by demophobia. In the process, demophilia disciplines democracy by producing deliberative subjects properly attuned to civil speech.  相似文献   

“The Effort of Reason,and the Adventure of Beauty”: The Aesthetic Rhetoric of Randolph Bourne     

Nathan Crick  Jeremy Engels 《Quarterly Journal of Speech》2013,99(3):272-296

We are still coming to terms with the legacy of Randolph Bourne. Although he died at the age of 32 just as the United States was cheerfully entering the First World War under the banner of “democracy,” the words he penned in an unfinished essay still resonate in the American social conscience: “War is the Health of the State.” This maxim, once thought the exclusive property of leftist radicals, now can be heard echoing from every political corner of the blogosphere as progressives and libertarians alike find cause to question the motives of governmental power. Yet despite his reappearance as a symbol, Bourne in many ways remains as forgotten as ever—perhaps even more so as his once provocative claim has been transformed into a talking point. This essay endeavors to recapture the voice of Bourne in all its complexity, seeking to place him at the forefront of the contemporary American intellectual tradition as one of its most piercing critics, most visionary poets, and most eloquent rhetors. Specifically, we show how Bourne's critique of the “State” foresaw the rise of the technological society organized by ideological propaganda, how his vision of the Beloved Community anticipated our modern ideals of global transnationalism, and how his literary essays practiced a form of aesthetic rhetoric which employed dramatistic methods to bring about a new state of expanded social consciousness.  相似文献   

Informal Learning with Technology: The Effects of Self-Constructing Externalizations     

Gregor Damnik  Antje Proske  Susanne Narciss  Hermann Körndle 《The Journal of educational research》2013,106(6):431-440

ABSTRACT

Especially in the context of technology-enhanced informal learning, it is crucial to understand how to design information sources in such a way that learners are not overwhelmed by the demands of the learning process, but at the same time are engaged in higher order thinking processes. Guidance aids learners in dealing with the demands of a learning process. The authors examined the effects of different levels of guidance provided by an information source. To this end, the effects of a preconstructed externalization are compared to a self-constructed externalization. Thirty-eight students participated in the study. The results revealed no significant differences between the groups with respect to posttest retention. However, performance in application tasks was promoted by the condition associated with a lower level of guidance. This suggests that having learners self-construct an externalization might be a suitable means to elicit learners’ higher order thinking processes in technology-enhanced informal learning.  相似文献   

Parents’ attitudes towards inclusive education in day care facilities     

Anne Lohmann  Heidrun Wulfekühler  Silvia Wiedebusch  Gregor Hensen 《International Journal of Inclusive Education》2013,17(12):1232-1247

ABSTRACT

Parents’ attitudes towards inclusive education in day care facilities in the city and rural district of Osnabrueck in Germany were assessed by conducting a written survey (N?=?809). In the survey, parents indicated their perceptions of advantages and risks of inclusion for children with and without special needs. The interviewed parents perceived more advantages than risks for both groups of children. The results of the assessment varied depending on the kind of child care facility. The paper concludes with recommendations for future research and about how institutions should develop to adequately go about the implementation of inclusive education.  相似文献   

Religious Communication     

Virginia Stern Owens  Daniel W. Holland  Gregor T. Goethals  Gene Jaberg  Louis G. Wargo Jr.  Harold Osmeiri 《Communication Booknotes Quarterly》2013,44(5):53-54

Ronald Eyre on the Long Search (Cleveland: Collins, 1979—$5.95, paper).

Virginia Stern Owens, The Total Image, or Selling Jesus in the Modern Age (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Wm. B. Eerdmanns, 1980—no price given, paper).

Daniel W. Holland, et al., Using Non-Broadcast Video in the Church (Valley Forge, Pa.: Judson Press, 1980—$5.95)

Media Development (London: World Association for Christian Communications—quarterly)

Committed Christians in Secular Communications (NSCS, 1982 South Shenandoah, Los Angeles Ca. 90034—$4.00)

Growing with Television: A Studx_of Biblica Values and the Television Experience (MARC, 475 Riverside Dr., New York, N.Y. 10115—write for details)

Gregor T. Goethals, The TV Ritual Worship at the Video Altar (Boston: Beacon Press, 1980—$11.95)

Gene Jaberg and Louis G. Wargo, Jr. The Video Pencil: Cable Communications for Church and Community (University Press of America, 4720 Boston Way Lanham, Md. 20801—$15.50/7.50)

Harold Osmeiri U.S. Religious Journalism and the Korean War (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America (ac dress above, 1980—$7.50, paper)  相似文献   

Conceptualizing and Measuring the Social Uses of the Internet: The Case of Personal Web Sites     

Gregor Petrič 《The Information Society》2013,29(5):291-301

The researchers working on information society measures have recently started to consider how people use the Internet not only as a tool but also as a platform for social relations. As the ultimate objective of information society measures is to provide reliable guidelines for social policy, finding criteria for separating “positive” uses of Internet from “negative” ones is an important task. This article employs the concepts of communicative and strategic action as defined by Habermas for that purpose. A general conceptual typology of three communicative and three strategic social uses of Internet is offered, which can be applied to measure uses of any of the Internet's interactive services. A specific empirical application to social uses of personal web sites demonstrates that the deduced measurement instruments achieve satisfying levels of validity and reliability.  相似文献   

Reassessing the value of university lectures     

Sarah French  Gregor Kennedy 《Teaching in Higher Education》2017,22(6):639-654

This paper discusses the role of the lecture in contemporary higher education. Moving beyond the polarised perspectives that characterise recent debates on the subject, it considers both the potential problems and possible pedagogical, practical and social benefits of the lecture as a mode of teaching and learning. Through an examination of scholarly literature on the pedagogical uses of the lecture as well as recent articles on its place in the future of higher education, we outline the key arguments and highlight some of the problems, contradictions and inconsistencies implicit in the debates. Drawing upon the recurring themes in the literature, we identify seven reasons as to why the lecture continues to be valuable in contemporary higher education. However, we also suggest that more innovative approaches to lecturing as well as alternatives to lectures are needed to adapt to a changing educational environment.  相似文献   

Seeking optimal confusion: a review on epistemic emotion management in interactive digital learning environments     

Amaël Arguel  Lori Lockyer  Gregor Kennedy  Jason M. Lodge  Mariya Pachman 《Interactive Learning Environments》2019,27(2):200-210

Emotions play a significant part in students’ learning experiences within complex educational environments. However, the impact of emotional experiences on effective learning is not straightforward. For example, being confused during learning may be perceived as an adverse event. There is, however, considerable research evidence suggesting that confusion can also be a productive aspect of a student's learning processes. Despite this, research also suggests that when confusion is persistent it can become harmful, promoting learner frustration or boredom. Key challenges for the design of interactive digital learning environments (IDLEs) are to detect and assess students’ emotions and to tailor the environment accordingly. In this paper we examine, from a review of the literature, the implications of learners’ confusion that can occur in IDLEs. Strategies for managing students’ confusion will then be discussed and examples of features enhancing learning in IDLEs will be suggested.  相似文献   

Mathematically gifted students and high achievement: the role of motivation and classroom structure     

Marko Lüftenegger  Marlene Kollmayer  Evelyn Bergsmann  Gregor Jöstl  Christiane Spiel  Barbara Schober 《High Ability Studies》2015,26(2):227-243

One of the most intriguing questions for those who study intellectually gifted students is why some of them reach peak performances at school and others don’t. Moderator theories of giftedness assume that domain-specific gifts are transformed into achievement in a process influenced by non-cognitive and environmental variables. Thus, the current study investigates differences in the non-cognitive construct motivation (achievement goals, interest, self-concept, self-efficacy, implicit theories) and perception of classroom environment (classroom structure, class climate) between mathematically gifted high achievers (n = 66) and mathematically gifted students with non-high achievement (n = 144) using a latent variable approach. Gifted high achievers expressed higher levels of motivation than non-high achievers. Furthermore, they perceived a classroom structure that provides more tasks with a focus on learning and more autonomy.  相似文献