Meta-analysis: a tool for medical and scientific discoveries.     

C L Schell  R J Rathe 《Bulletin of the Medical Library Association》1992,80(3):219-222

Medicine has made increasing use of meta-analysis, largely as a quantitative procedure for combining results of clinical trials. Meta-analysis begins with a comprehensive review of the literature. The next step is a systematic analysis of the quality and content of each study. Finally, results are combined statistically and conclusions are drawn from this new overview of the data. This paper presents a brief historical perspective on the use of meta-analysis in medicine with emphasis on the medical library. The authors conclude that in the future, medical librarians will play a significant role in the application of this useful technique.  相似文献   

Communication as a reflection of, and a source for, values in health.     

David H Smith 《Journal of Applied Communication Research》1988,16(1):29-38

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Chaos theory, informational needs, and natural disasters   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Timothy L. Sellnow  Matthew W. Seeger  Robert R. Ulmer 《Journal of Applied Communication Research》2002,30(4):269-292

This study applies chaos theory to a system-wide analysis of crisis communication in a natural disaster. Specifically, we analyze crisis communication during the 1997 Red River Valley flood in Minnesota and North Dakota. This flood, among the worst in modern American history, consumed entire metropolitan areas, displacing thousands of people. The conditions and decisions leading to the disaster, and the subsequent reactions are retraced. Communication related to river crest predictions (fractals), the shock at the magnitude of the crisis (cosmology episode), novel forms of reorganizing (self-organization), and agencies that aided in establishing a renewed order (strange attractors) are evaluated. Ultimately, we argue that preexisting sensemaking structures favoring rationalized, traditional views of a complex system led officials to make inappropriately unequivocal predictions and ultimately diminished the effectiveness of the region's crisis communication and planning.  相似文献   

The Model American Foundation Officer: Alan Gregg and the Rockefeller Foundation Medical Divisions     

Schneider  William H. 《Minerva》2003,41(2):155-166

From 1919 to 1951, Alan Gregg and his mentor, Richard Pearce, directed the Medical Education and Medical SciencesDivisions of the Rockefeller Foundation. Although they oversaw the expenditure of millions of dollars, today they are forgotten. Yet, the system that Gregg administered became the model for the funding of biomedical research after the Second World War. This paper draws on the records of the Rockefeller Foundation to assess Gregg and his impact on biomedicine and philanthropy.  相似文献   

40-Jahr-Jubiläum des Deutschen Sportbundes     

H. Becker 《Sportwissenschaft》1991,21(1):106-106

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The reliability of distance run tests for children in grades K-4.     

R E Rikli  C Petray  T A Baumgartner 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》1992,63(3):270-276

The purpose of this study was to determine test-retest reliability for the 1-mile, 3/4-mile, and 1/2-mile distance run/alk tests for children in Grades K-4. Fifty-one intact physical education classes were randomly assigned to one of the three distance run conditions. A total of 1,229 (621 boys, 608 girls) completed the test-retests in the fall (October), with 1,050 of these students (543 boys, 507 girls) repeating the tests in the spring (May). Results indicated that the 1-mile run/walk distance, as recommended for young children in most national test batteries, has acceptable intraclass reliability (.83 less than R less than .90) for both boys and girls in Grades 3 and 4, has minimal (fall) to acceptable (spring) reliability for Grade 2 students (.70 less than R less than .83), but is not reliable for children in Grades K and 1 (.34 less than R less than .56). The 1/2 mile was the only distance meeting minimal reliability standards for boys and girls in Grades K and 1 (.73 less than R less than .82). Results also indicated that reliability estimates remained fairly stable across gender and age groups from the fall to spring testing periods, with the exception of the noticeably improved values for Grade 2 students on the 1-mile run/walk test. Criterion-referenced reliability (P, percent agreement) was also estimated relative to Physical Best and Fitnessgram run/walk standards. Reliability coefficients for all age group standards were acceptable to high (.70 less than P less than .95), except for Fitnessgram standards for 5-year-old girls on the 1-mile test for both fall and spring and for 6-year-old boys and girls on the 1-mile test administered in the spring.  相似文献   

For sale, by degrees: Overseas students and the commodification of higher education in Australia and the United Kingdom     

Anthony R. Welch 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》1988,34(3):387-395

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Diagnosing dyslexia: IQ regression plus cut-points.     

R A Dykman  P T Ackerman 《Journal of learning disabilities》1992,25(9):574-576

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Silverman's RT-PE review: too simple a summary of a complex field.     

P Dodds  J H Placek 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》1991,62(4):365-368

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What is wrong with the modern research university?     

Ronald H. Stein 《Higher Education》1991,21(2):263-266

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