Scapulothoracic kinematics during tennis forehand drive     

Isabelle Rogowski  Thomas Creveaux  Laurence Chèze  Raphaël Dumas 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2014,13(2):166-175

Scapular dyskinesis is recognized as an abnormality in the kinetic chain; yet, there has been little research quantifying scapular motion during sport tasks. Tennis forehand drives of eight highly skilled tennis players were studied to assess the scapulothoracic kinematics and evaluate repeatability using video-based motion analysis. Scapulothoracic downward/upward rotation, posterior/anterior tilt, and internal/external rotation were computed using an acromial marker cluster. On average, the upward rotation, anterior tilt, and internal rotation varied from 1° to 26°, from 7° to 32°, and from 42° to 100°, respectively, during the tennis forehand drive. During the backswing and forward swing phases of the forehand stroke, small changes were observed for the three scapular angle values, while all angles increased rapidly during the follow-through phase. This suggests that the tennis forehand drive may contribute to scapula dyskinesis, mainly due to the great amplitude in scapulothoracic anterior tilt and internal rotation observed during the follow-through phase. Knowledge of normal scapula motion during sport tasks performed at high velocity could improve the understanding of various sport-specific adaptations and pathologies.  相似文献   

La representación cognitiva de los verbos. Aproximación descriptiva y evolutiva     

Isabelle Bonnotte  Anton Kaifer  Michel Fayol  Itziar Idiazábal 《Infancia y Aprendizaje》2013,36(54):101-116

Resumen

Con el objeto de tener un mayor conocimiento del funcionamiento de las formas verbales en castellano, este trabajo aporta datos empíricos relativos a la manera cómo se representan las características del proceso (Aktionsart) descritas por el verbo. Tres son los factores estudiados: la duratividad, la resultatividad y la iteratividad o continuidad del proceso. Utilizando una metodología de representación gráfica se han recogido datos de una población de 42 adultos y 72 niños distribuidos en 4 grupos correspondientes a los cursos 2°, 4°, 6° y 8°

Los resultados obtenidos con los nueve verbos estudiados demuestran, por un lado, la validez del método ya que hace aparecer una neta dicotomía que opone los procesos resultativos no durativos a los no resultativos durativos, y por otro, que la duratividad y la resultatividad del proceso son captados de manera muy semejante por los adultos y por los niños de 4°, 6.° y 8.°, si bien los de 2.° denotan un menor acuerdo interindividual. Por último, el factor duratividad o iteratividad no constituye en esta prueba una dimensión discriminante.  相似文献   

Characterizing the Experimental Procedure in Science Laboratories: A preliminary step towards students experimental design     

Isabelle Girault  Cedric d’Ham  Muriel Ney  Eric Sanchez  Claire Wajeman 《International Journal of Science Education》2013,35(6):825-854

Many studies have stressed students’ lack of understanding of experiments in laboratories. Some researchers suggest that if students design all or parts of entire experiment, as part of an inquiry-based approach, it would overcome certain difficulties. It requires that a procedure be written for experimental design. The aim of this paper is to describe the characteristics of a procedure in science laboratories, in an educational context. As a starting point, this paper proposes a model in the form of a hierarchical task diagram that gives the general structure of any procedure. This model allows both the analysis of existing procedures and the design of a new inquiry-based approach. The obtained characteristics are further organized into criteria that can help both teachers and students assess a procedure during and after its writing. These results are obtained through two different sets of data. First, the characteristics of procedures are established by analysing laboratory manuals. This allows the organization and type of information in procedures to be defined. This analysis reveals that students are seldom asked to write a full procedure, but sometimes have to specify tasks within a procedure. Secondly, iterative interviews are undertaken with teachers. This leads to the list of criteria to evaluate the procedure.  相似文献   

Grade 12 French Students’ use of a Thermodynamic Model for Predicting the Direction of Incomplete Chemical Changes     

Isabelle Kermen  Martine Méheut 《International Journal of Science Education》2013,35(13):1745-1773

The authors of the current chemistry curriculum—implemented in Grade 12 in France—provided a criterion of change allowing prediction of direction of chemical changes and pointed out the difference to be made between experimental facts and models. A study analysing part of the curriculum content and the effects of teaching this content on students’ reasoning was conducted. The content analysis presents the functioning of the thermodynamic model, which highlights the links to be made between the experimental situation and the model when predicting the direction of a chemical change. This functioning specifies the role of the chemical equation and that of the criterion of change (comparing the reaction quotient to the equilibrium constant) and stresses the crucial points that may lead to misunderstandings. Written tests were administered to students after teaching them to determine how they predicted the direction of a chemical change, and whether they made a relevant choice between using the chemical equation and using the criterion of change and a clear distinction between the experimental situation and the thermodynamic model. Few students had a good understanding of the respective roles of the criterion and the chemical equation. A majority used the criterion to predict the direction of chemical changes relevantly, but correct answers were not widespread. Two particular mistakes, the modification of the expression of the reaction quotient and the prediction of a change despite a missing reactant, revealed that students do not properly understand the difference and the relationship between the experimental situation and the thermodynamic model.  相似文献   

Gender stereotype endorsement and achievement-related outcomes: The role of competence beliefs and task values     

Isabelle Plante  Roxane de la Sablonnière  Joshua M. Aronson  Manon Théorêt 《Contemporary educational psychology》2013

In most Western societies, males are stereotyped as having stronger mathematical abilities than females whereas females are stereotyped as having stronger verbal abilities than males. Exposure to negative ability stereotypes reliably undermines performance in laboratory experiments, yet the mechanisms by which such stereotypes may influence boys’ and girls’ achievement outcomes in the more naturalistic setting of primary and secondary school remain unclear. The current study evaluated a hypothesis suggested by expectancy-value theories (e.g., Eccles & Wigfield, 2002): the relationship between stereotypes and achievement outcomes is importantly mediated by a student’s perceived competence and his or her valuation of the domain in question. We tested the hypothesis by examining the career intentions and grades of 762 sixth and eighth graders. As expected, even after controlling for prior achievement, stereotype endorsement primarily predicted grades and career intentions indirectly, through students’ competence beliefs and task values. These results suggest that stereotypes predict achievement-related outcomes most clearly when students internalize them.  相似文献   

Minority Students and the Health Professions     

Raquel Bauman 《Equity & Excellence in Education》2013,46(2-4):22-30

Individuals from minority groups are underrepresented in medical school. . . . We must achieve a 12 percent representation of these individuals in the health professions . . . in order to equate the number of students from minority groups in medical school with the percentage of their distribution in the population at large. [Cooper, 1970]  相似文献   

Relationship between a 14-Day Recall Measure of Leisure-Time Physical Activity and a Submaximal Test of Physical Work Capacity in a Population Sample of Australian Adults     

Michael L. Booth PhD  Neville Owen  Adrian Bauman  Christopher J. Gore 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(2):221-227

Abstract

This paper reports on the validity of a 14-day recall measure of leisure time physical activity (LTPA) in a sample of Australian adults (N = 986). Submaximal cycle ergometry was used to assess physical work capacity per kilogram of body mass (pwc75/kg). The self-report energy expenditure estimates were used to categorize respondents as vigorously active, moderately active, and low active/sedentary. Multiple regression analyses showed that pwc75/kg increased significantly across energy expenditure categories for adults aged less than 40 years; that the vigorous and moderate activity categories had greater mean pwc75/kg values than the low/sedentary category for 40 to 59-year-olds; and, that there were no differences in pwc75/kg between activity categories for those aged 60 years or older.  相似文献   

An Australian Version of the Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale: Validity Evidence     

Ester Cerin  Eva Leslie  Neville Owen  Adrian Bauman 《Measurement in physical education and exercise science》2013,17(1):31-51

This study examined validity evidence for the Australian version of the Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale (NEWS-AU). A stratified two-stage cluster sampling design was used to recruit 2,650 adults from Adelaide (Australia). The sample was drawn from residential addresses within eight high-walkable and eight low-walkable suburbs matched for socio-economic status (SES). Neighborhood walkability was measured using Geographic Information Systems data on dwelling density, intersection density, net retail area, and land-use mix. Participants completed the NEWS-AU and reported weekly minutes of walking for transport and recreation (International Physical Activity Questionnaire [IPAQ]). Multilevel confirmatory factor analysis (MCFA) was used to define the individual- and Census Collection District (CCD)-level measurement model of the NEWS-AU. Seven individual-level and five CCD-level factors were identified. These measurement models were somewhat similar to those of the original Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale (NEWS). Patterns of associations between the NEWS-AU factors/scales and the walking measures provided some validity evidence for the instrument.  相似文献   

Rating of personality of normally-developing and mentally disabled children and the mothers’ beliefs about their child’s development     

Isabelle Roskam 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》2002,17(3):203-220

The purpose of this paper focuses on mothers’ beliefs about their child’s personality and development (stability or change and causal attributions) and how these beliefs can be affected by mothers’ experience (being a mother of a six or of a twelve-year-old child and being a mother of a normally-developing or of a mentally disabled child). The scales were completed by several samples of mothers. The effect of the temporal orientation (retrospective or perspective) was also considered. The results show that the mothers rate their child with an optimistic bias while the mothers of disabled children are less positive than those of the broad-ranging sample. The results are also in accordance with the decrease of positiveness as the child grows. Finally, the optimistic bias differs in function of the temporal orientation for the mothers of normally-developing children and for the mothers of mentally disabled children. The retrospective change is also overestimated with regard to the prospective one in the broad-ranging sample.  相似文献   

Identifying paths to audience success of media products: the media decision-makers’ perspective     

Marcel Verhoeven  M. Bjørn von Rimscha  Isabelle Krebs  Gabriele Siegert  Christoph Sommer 《媒体管理杂志》2018,20(1):51-77

Research on media success factors is a fragmented field. Definitions, measures, and methods vary, and findings are often inconsistent. In an attempt to fill this perceived research gap, we distilled generic success factors of media products from the literature. Guided by theory and empirical findings, these factors were aggregated to complex concepts, building blocks of success that we further investigated in an exploratory qualitative study. We found that the building blocks are applicable to all types of media, independent of seriality and content types of media products. Subsequently the research question of this article is: Which building blocks of success are most important for media products? To answer this question, we conducted an online survey of 255 media professionals in print, audio-visual, and online media in Austria, Germany and Switzerland. To analyze our data, we deployed qualitative comparative analysis, a method based on set theory that is suitable to investigate complex causality. We conclude that four building blocks are necessary for success: “good” distribution, environmental orientation, form/design, and human resources are preconditions for achieving success in terms of audience market share. In addition, three patterns emerge in the sufficient paths (combinations of building blocks) to success. Which route to success a media product shows can be related to the width of its topical scope and the corresponding projected audience size.  相似文献