Taste preferences as a function of food deprivation during original taste exposure     

Elizabeth D. Capaldi  David E. Myers 《Learning & behavior》1982,10(2):211-219

It has been reported previously that rats prefer a flavor they consumed under high deprivation to a flavor they consumed under low deprivation (Revusky, 1967). Here it was found that this preference occurs only if nutritive solutions are used and the flavors are given preceding and following eating. If flavors are given separately from the daily feeding, rats prefer the flavor given under low deprivation, whether or not a nutritive solution is used (Experiment 3). If flavors are given before and after the daily feeding, rats prefer the flavor they had under high deprivation (before feeding) more if sucrose solutions are used than if saccharin solutions are used and more on a high-deprivation test than on a low-deprivation test (Experiments 1 and 2). It was concluded that the “incentive value” of consumption is not necessarily higher under high deprivation than under low deprivation. The preference for the low-deprivation flavor obtained here may reflect a greater proportional rewarding effect of consumption under low deprivation or may reflect an aversion to the flavor consumed under high deprivation. Perhaps a small taste of flavor under high deprivation initiates responses of digestion that are unsatisfied and thus aversive, and the more so the higher the deprivation level.  相似文献   

Shock intensity and warning signal effects on several measures of operant avoidance acquisition     

Arlo K. Myers 《Learning & behavior》1977,5(1):51-56

Acquisition of both signaled and unsignaled operant avoidance learning was studied in 64 rats as a function of shock intensity, with three different warning signals used in the signaled procedure. In both signaled and unsignaled avoidance, overall response rate was a progressively increasing function of shock intensity. This was due to both an absolute and relative increase in the frequency of responses at shorter interresponse times with increasing shock intensity. Presence of an effective warning signal in the interval immediately preceding shock increased the probability of an avoidance response in this interval, decreased overall response rate, and reduced shock frequency. A buzzer signal proved most effective, followed by tone and light. However, once a warning signal occurred, the probability of an avoidance response to the signal was virtually independent of shock intensity. Also, an index of avoidance efficiency proved to be inversely related to shock intensity.  相似文献   

Emotional Dimensions of Watching Zoo Animals: An Experience Sampling Study Building on Insights from Psychology     

Olin Eugene Myers  Carol D. Saunders  Andrej A. Birjulin 《Curator: The Museum Journal》2004,47(3):299-321

Abstract There is little research about how visitors to zoos and aquariums respond emotionally to the animals they experience. The research that does exist has seldom been informed by current psychological literature on affect, which examines the nature and roles of sentiments, moods, emotions, and affective traits. Emotion is multidimensional: it focuses on a person's core goals; directs attention and interest; arouses the body for action; and integrates social group and cultural factors. It is thus a central component of meaning‐making. This article provides an overview of the literature on emotion as it applies to human emotional responses to animals. Informed by this literature, this paper presents results from a research study conducted at a zoo. Subjects (279 adults) were each electronically paged once while viewing one of three zoo animals (snake, okapi, or gorilla). Subjects completed scales on 17 specific emotions, seven items measuring evaluation and arousal, and other scales and responses to the animal. Four patterns of emotions emerged, ranging from “equal opportunity” emotions to “highly selective” emotions. The variables that were most important in influencing emotions were not demographic ones, but the kind of animal, subject's emotionality, relation to the animal, and other items predicted by emotion theory. Implications for biophilia, conservation, and the study of emotional responses to animals are discussed.  相似文献   

A combined social action, mixed methods approach to vocational guidance efficacy research     

Justin C. Perry 《International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance》2009,9(2):111-123

This article proposes a social action, mixed methods approach to verifying the efficacy of vocational guidance programs. Research strategies are discussed in the context of how the processes and purposes of efficacy research have been conceptualized and studied in vocational psychology. Examples of how to implement this approach in future efficacy research are provided.  相似文献   

只此一次     

Justin Bieber  小狐 《英语辅导》2010,(4)

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Same constructs,different results: Examining the consistency of two behavior‐rating scales with referred preschoolers     

Carl L. Myers  Jennifer L. Bour  Kristina J. Sidebottom  Sara B. Murphy  Melissa Hakman 《Psychology in the schools》2010,47(3):205-216

Broad‐band or multidimensional behavior‐rating scales are common tools for evaluating children. Two popular behavior‐rating scales, the Behavior Assessment System for Children, Second Edition (BASC‐2; Reynolds & Kamphaus, 2004) and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL; Achenbach & Rescorla, 2000), have undergone downward extensions so that the preschool versions are available for children as young as 18 months. Limited research, however, has been conducted on the preschool versions of the BASC‐2 and CBCL. This study examined the consistency of results from the two preschool versions when completed by parents of clinically referred preschoolers. Comparisons of similarly named scales found significant correlations. Mean scores for several of the constructs were significantly different, however, and often resulted in inconsistent classification decisions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.  相似文献   

Females With Visual Impairments in Physical Education: Exploring the Intersection Between Disability and Gender Identities     

Justin A. Haegele  Amanda Yessick  Xihe Zhu 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2018,89(3):298-308

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The association between fundamental athletic movements and physical fitness in elite junior Australian footballers     

Carl T. Woods  Ian McKeown  Justin Keogh  Sam Robertson 《Journal of sports sciences》2018,36(4):445-450

This study investigated the associations between fundamental athletic movement and physical fitness in junior Australian football (AF). Forty-four under 18 players performed a fundamental athletic movement assessment consisting of an overhead squat, double lunge, single leg Romanian deadlift and a push up. Movements were scored on three assessment criterions using a three-point scale. Additionally, participants performed five physical fitness tests commonly used for talent identification in AF. A Spearman’s nonparametric correlation matrix was built, with correlation coefficients being visualised using a circularly rendered correlogram. Score on the overhead squat was moderately positively associated with dynamic vertical jump height on left (r_s = 0.40; P ≤ 0.05) and right (r_s = 0.30; P ≤ 0.05) leg take-off, stationary vertical jump (r_s = 0.32; P ≤ 0.05) and negatively associated with 20-m sprint time (r_s = ?0.35; P ≤ 0.05). Score on the double lunge (left/right side) was moderately positively associated with the same physical fitness tests as well as score on the multistage fitness test. Results suggest that improvements in physical fitness qualities may occur through concurrent increases in fundamental athletic movement skill, namely the overhead squat and double lunge movements. These findings may assist with the identification and development of talent.  相似文献   

Explicit Vocabulary Instruction in Kindergarten: Case Studies of Students With and Without Language Disorders     

Jacqueline M. Myers  Julie W. Ankrum 《Early Childhood Education Journal》2018,46(6):683-691

Research demonstrates that children can make more significant gains through explicit instruction of vocabulary than implicit instruction (Blachowicz and Fisher in Teaching vocabulary in all classrooms, Allyn & Bacon, Boston, MA, 2010; Dalton and Grisham in Read Teach 64(5):306–317, 2011). Effective explicit instruction often includes high quality conversations with teachers and peers (Towson et al. in J Early Interv 38(4):230–246, 2016; Wasik in Read Teach 63(8):621–633, 2010). Data for this study were collected from a larger study designed to explore students’ use of vocabulary words following explicit instruction with the words during an interactive read-aloud. A deeper microanalysis of student discussion, scaffolded by adults, was conducted. The transcribed student discussions, recorded during peer talk, were analyzed using NVivo 10 (QSR International in NVivo (version 10). NVivo qualitative data analysis software, QSR International, Doncaster, VIC, 2012) software. These case studies describe the vocabulary development of two children with diagnosed speech and language disorders and one child without a speech and language impairment.  相似文献   

Contraction force specificity and its relationship to functional performance     

Nigel Harris  John Cronin  Justin Keogh 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(2):201-212

Abstract

Best practice for improving strength and power through resistance strength training has been the subject of much research and subsequent conjecture. Much of the conjecture can be attributed to methodological discrepancies. The type of dynamometry used in testing, the training experience of research participants, the specific technique employed in a lift, and the methods of collection and calculation all impact on the final variables of interest. This review examines contraction force specificity by first addressing the methodological issues surrounding our interpretation of the results. Then we address the kinematics and kinetics associated with single and multiple repetitions in relation to the development of strength, power, and functional performance. This discussion provides the delimitations for analysis of subsequent training studies. Finally, recommendations are formulated with the aim of assisting assessment and training practice as well as providing directions for future research. The results of this review suggest that the enhancements in performance resulting from resistance training are context specific in experienced resistance-trained participants. Thus, specific conditioning could be required to achieve improvements in functional performance in this group.  相似文献