Deciding to provide a 'reader' in examinations for the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE): questions about validity and 'inclusion'     

Kevin Woods 《British Journal of Special Education》2004,31(3):122-127

In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) was designed as an 'inclusive' qualification, access to which has been supported by providing a 'reader' to some candidates during examinations. A candidate reading age criterion of ten years has been employed by the GCSE awarding bodies to determine eligibility for this provision. In this paper, Kevin Woods, a member of the Educational Support and Inclusion Research and Teaching Group in the Faculty of Education at the University of Manchester, examines the rationale and evidence for adopting this criterion and describes an investigation of the reading needs of a cross-sectional sample of 38 GCSE examination candidates in trial examinations. The investigation found a low level of candidate need for a reader, with candidate reading age and self-prediction being unreliable indicators of this need. Kevin Woods highlights the implications for the assessment process used to determine eligibility for a reader in GCSE examinations and pays particular attention to the feasibility and validity of including all students as eligible.  相似文献   

Student attitudes toward science-technology-society resulting from visitation to a science-technology museum     

Kevin D. Finson  Larry G. Enochs 《科学教学研究杂志》1987,24(7):593-609

Are student attitudes toward science-technology-society (TSS) affected by visitation to science-technology museums? The purpose of this study was to determine whether such visitations affected student STS attitudes, and in what ways particular factors of the visitation impacted these attitudes. Factors examined included prior classroom experience with STS, instructional methodology employed by teachers, grade level, socioeconomic status, school type (public or private), and gender. The subjects involved in the study were 194 Kansas students in grades 6-8, and their 13 classroom teachers. Data were collected via a pretest-posttest control group design by using study-specific questionnaires and the Moore-Sutman Scientific Attitudes Inventory. Results indicated that significant differences in attitudes were present between visiting and nonvisiting students and between grade levels. No significant differences were found between other factors. One possible conclusion is that sound pedagogy should be used prior to and during museum visitations as well as in the classroom.  相似文献   

Specification of a patent for a machine for grinding flax seed,and other kinds of grain,paints, medicines,and other substances. Granted to Asahel Cross,and Ezra Brown,Cazenovia, Madison County,New York,February 4th, 1830     

Asahel Cross  Ezra Brown 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》1830,9(5):308

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Book reviews     

Kevin Clarke  Frank A. Schmidtlein 《Tertiary Education and Management》1997,3(4):343-345

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Heart rates of high school physical education students during team sports, individual sports, and fitness activities     

Laurson KR  Brown DD  Cullen RW  Dennis KK 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2008,79(1):85-91

This study examined how activity type influenced heart rates and time spent in target heart rate zones of high school students participating in physical education classes. Significantly higher average heart rates existed for fitness (142 +/- 24 beats per minute [bpm]) compared to team (118 +/- 24 bpm) or individual (114 +/- 18) activities. Similar results occurred for the percentage of activity time spent within a target heart rate zone (fitness 81.7 +/- 15.9%, individual 68.4 +/- 30.5%, and team 60.6 +/- 30.5%). Boys attained higher heart rates during team activities, while female students had higher rates during individual activities indicating male and female adolescents respond differently to activity types. The highest mean heart rates were observed during fitness activities.  相似文献   

Writing for children: A social engagement?     

Gillian Avery  Alec Lea  Joan G Robinson  Roy Brown 《Children‘s Literature in Education》1971,2(3):17-30

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Standards     

Tom Brown 《Archives and Museum Informatics》1989,3(3):27-28

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Book reviews     

Mary A. Anderson  Frank Bowles  C. O. Taiwo  Jan D. Beckmann  L. J. Lewis  James R. Liesch  Godfrey N. Brown  H. L. Elvin  Shib K. Mitra  Richard F. Behrendt  Graeme Kemelfield  Hugh W. R. Hawes  W. A. Dodd  A. L. Tibawi 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》1971,17(2):220-251

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Book reviews     

Burton R. Clark  Robert Beck  Barbara B. Burn  Robert F. Arnove  Abraham E. Haspel  John S. Duley  Elsie J. Smith  Lionel S. Lewis  Frank Brown  Staughton Lynd 《Higher Education》1978,7(4):465-487

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Cardiovascular and ventilatory responses during formalized T'ai Chi Chuan exercise   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

D D Brown  W G Mucci  R K Hetzler  R G Knowlton 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》1989,60(3):246-250

T'ai Chi Chuan (TCC) is a widely practiced Chinese martial art said to physically develop balance and coordination as well as enhance emotional and mental health. TCC consists of a series of postures combined into a sequential movement providing a smooth, continuous, low-intensity activity. The purpose of this study was to examine the ventilatory and cardiovascular responses to the Long Form of Yang's style TCC. In addition, the subjects' TCC responses were compared to their ventilatory and cardiovascular responses during cycle ergometry at an oxygen consumption (VO2) equivalent to the mean TCC VO2. Six experienced (M = 8.3 yrs) male TCC practitioners served as subjects with data collected during the Cloud H and movement of the TCC exercise. Significantly (p less than .05) lower responses for ventilatory frequency (Vf) (11.3 and 15.7 breaths.min-1), ventilatory equivalent (VE/VO2) (23.47 and 27.41), and the ratio of dead space ventilation to tidal volume (VD/VT) (20 and 27%) were found in TCC in comparison to cycle ergometry. The percentage of minute ventilation used for alveolar ventilation was significantly higher during TCC (p less than .03) than cycle ergometry, with mean values of 81.1% and 73.1%, respectively. Cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate were not significantly different between TCC exercise and cycle ergometry at the same oxygen consumption. We concluded that, during TCC, expert practitioners show significantly different ventilatory responses leading to more efficient use of the ventilatory volume than would be expected from comparable levels of exertion on a cycle ergometer.  相似文献