How much effort is needed to keep up with the literature relevant for primary care?     

Brian S Alper  Jason A Hand  Susan G Elliott  Scott Kinkade  Michael J Hauan  Daniel K Onion  Bernard M Sklar 《Journal of the Medical Library Association》2004,92(4):429-437

OBJECTIVES: Medicine must keep current with the research literature, and keeping current requires continuously updating the clinical knowledge base (i.e., references that provide answers to clinical questions). The authors estimated the volume of medical literature potentially relevant to primary care published in a month and the time required for physicians trained in medical epidemiology to evaluate it for updating a clinical knowledge base. METHODS: We included journals listed in five primary care journal review services (ACP Journal Club, DynaMed, Evidence-Based Practice, Journal Watch, and QuickScan Reviews). Finding little overlap, we added the 2001 "Brandon/Hill Selected List of Print Books and Journals for the Small Medical Library." We counted articles (including letters, editorials, and other commentaries) published in March 2002, using bibliographic software where possible and hand counting when necessary. For journals not published in March 2002, we reviewed the nearest issue. Five primary care physicians independently evaluated fifty randomly selected articles and timed the process. RESULTS: The combined list contained 341 currently active journals with 8,265 articles. Adjusting for publication frequency, we estimate 7,287 articles are published monthly in this set of journals. Physicians trained in epidemiology would take an estimated 627.5 hours per month to evaluate these articles. CONCLUSIONS: To provide practicing clinicians with the best current evidence, more comprehensive and systematic literature surveillance efforts are needed.  相似文献   

Optimizing segmental movement in the jumping header in soccer     

Kristensen LB  Andersen TB  Sørensen H 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2004,3(2):195-208

This study looks at segmental movements in the jumping header from an optimization viewpoint. Investigations on the header so far have focused on head restriction in the movement but have not clarified how and to what extent body segments influence the performance of the skill. In the present study a biomechanical model was used to analyze the jumping header in simulated competition to give a clear picture of an optimized header. Skilled soccer players headed balls at speeds of 13 m x s(-1) the results indicated that the head moves as a free non-restricted segment in the jumping header and should be allowed to do so, even though much soccer literature says otherwise to prevent injuries. The arm movement showed individual characteristics and gave no general advantages in optimizing ball speed after impact in the header The movement of the legs was, on the other hand, the single most important factor in the skill. Therefore, coaches and players shouldfocus on developing muscle strength in the stomach, back and pelvis and should put no restrictions on head and arm movement to optimize the jumping header.  相似文献   

Grey literature in the life of GESAMP,an international marine scientific advisory body     

Bertrum?H.?MacDonaldEmail author  Ruth?E.?Cordes  Peter?G.?Wells 《Publishing Research Quarterly》2004,20(1):25-41

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I. The adjustment of the educational structure to the requirements of economic development     

Philip H. Coombs 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》1964,10(1):53-70

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II. THE ACADEMIC HIERARCHY-APPENDIX THREE     

A. H. HALSEY 《Higher Education Quarterly》1964,18(2):129-135

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MODELS OF EVALUATION AND THEIR RELATION TO STUDENT CHARACTERISTICS     

J. B. BIGGS  P. H. BRAUN 《Journal of Educational Measurement》1972,9(4):303-309

The union and disjunction models for combining individual test marks to yield final grade distributions were outlined. It was expected that these models would differentially favor students according to their characteristic methods of learning and studying. The models were examined empirically in two educational psychology classes; five performance assessments were available, as well as eleven dimensions of study behavior and academic attitudes. While there was a substantial correlation between the distributions derived from the two models, they were found significantly to favor different student characteristics. The union model, relative to the disjunction model, favored students who were dependent, who interrelated different aspects of their course work, who scheduled their work and who rote-learned material. These differences were interpreted in terms of the educational assumptions underlying the two models. Some implications of the study for grading practice were suggested.  相似文献   

PUBLIC RELATIONS     

Crowe MR 《Bulletin of the Medical Library Association》1954,42(1):125-126

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Multicultura1 Education: a critique of Walkling and Zec     

M. Phillips-Bell 《Journal of Philosophy of Education》1981,15(1):97-105

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The decline in CUNY applications: Who and how come     

Mr. John M. Farago  Janice Weinman 《Research in higher education》1978,8(3):193-203

In the fall of 1976 applications for admission to the City University of New York (CUNY) had dropped sharply. In total number they were down by almost 13,000 from 1974, a drop of approximately 18%. Several hypotheses have been posited for the sharp decline in student applicants to the City University. Analysis of data drawn from the computer printouts of the City University's allocations indicates that the end of open admissions, for example, does not, in and of itself, explain the application drop. Similarly, the change in allocation formulas at CUNY seems not to explain the enrollment decline adequately. Finally, the imposition of tuition, or the perception about tuition, appears by no means the single most important factor in the enrollment drop. This paper attempts to determine the characteristics of the students not applying and to examine the reasons contributing to the sharp enrollment decline.  相似文献   

The experience of unemployment     

L. H. Fagin 《Higher Education Quarterly》1979,34(1):66-74

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