Implicaciones educativas de los estilos cognitivos     

Jesús Palacios  Mario Carretero 《Infancia y Aprendizaje》2013,36(18):83-106

RESUMEN

Se plantea el problema de la adecuación de los contenidos y las técnicas educativas a los estilos cognitivos del alumno. Muchas investigaciones han mostrado la relación entre reflexividad-impulsividad y rendimiento escolar. Nuestro sistema educativo actual parece favorecer las habilidades propias de los sujetos reflexivos. En este sentido, muchos trabajos han investigado los procedimientos para modificar el estilo cognitivo hacia la reflexividad, ya que este estilo se considera más adaptativo. En relación al estilo cognitivo dependencia-independencia de campo (DIC) se han encontrado diferencias en el aprendizaje según los contenidos, el tipo de reforzamiento, las diferentes formas de motivación (extrínseca o intrínseca) y los “mediadores del aprendizaje” utilizados. Se plantea la necesidad de adaptar los contenidos y los procedimientos a las necesidades de los distintos alumnos, y la de encontrar la manera de ayudarlos a diversificar sus estrategias de aprendizaje.  相似文献   

Ubiquitous computing in sports: A review and analysis     

Arnold Baca  Peter Dabnichki  Mario Heller  Philipp Kornfeind 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(12):1335-1346

Abstract

Ubiquitous (pervasive) computing is a term for a synergetic use of sensing, communication and computing. Pervasive use of computing has seen a rapid increase in the current decade. This development has propagated in applied sport science and everyday life.

The work presents a survey of recent developments in sport and leisure with emphasis on technology and computational techniques. A detailed analysis on new technological developments is performed. Sensors for position and motion detection, and such for equipment and physiological monitoring are discussed. Aspects of novel trends in communication technologies and data processing are outlined.

Computational advancements have started a new trend – development of smart and intelligent systems for a wide range of applications – from model-based posture recognition to context awareness algorithms for nutrition monitoring. Examples particular to coaching and training are discussed. Selected tools for monitoring rules' compliance and automatic decision-making are outlined. Finally, applications in leisure and entertainment are presented, from systems supporting physical activity to systems providing motivation.

It is concluded that the emphasis in future will shift from technologies to intelligent systems that allow for enhanced social interaction as efforts need to be made to improve user-friendliness and standardisation of measurement and transmission protocols.  相似文献   

Squat Jump Performance During Growth in Both Sexes     

Eric Doré  Mario Bedu  Emmanuel Van Praagh 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(4):517-524

The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to investigate leg muscle power and compare two activities (jumping and cycling) in 383 girls and 407 boys ages 9–19 years. Results in anthropometric characteristics and jumping performance were comparable until midadolescence, and sex differences were observed. Lean leg volume (LLV) was the reason for most of the variance (76% in girls and 88% in boys) in jumping performance. However, the LLV exponent was higher than expected in boys but not girls. Therefore, unidentified qualitative changes of muscle function during growth in boys must be considered. The squat jump index (SJI) was highly correlated to cycling peak power (CPP; N = 790, r = .94, p < .001). Although prediction error of CPP from SJI was less than 5% when considering each sex-and-age group, individual errors mounted to 40%. Due to its practicability, SJI is recommended in large-scale developmental prospective studies. However, cycling and jumping protocols are not interchangeable when measuring peak power values.  相似文献   

Evaluating the Efficiency of Research in Academic Departments: an Empirical Analysis in an Italian Region     

Tommaso Agasisti  Antonio Dal Bianco  Paolo Landoni  Alessandro Sala  Mario Salerno 《Higher Education Quarterly》2011,65(3):267-289

This paper investigates the efficiency of university departments in science, technology and medicine in an Italian Region (Lombardy). The aim of the paper is twofold: (i) to analyse the changes in productivity in recent years (from 2004 and 2007); and (ii) to detect factors that are potentially affecting efficiency. The research benefited from a new and unique dataset (called QuESTIO) developed by the Lombardy Regional Government. Using facilities and academic staff as inputs and research grants and publications as outputs, the research activity of academic departments was modelled. The methodological approach for computing efficiency scores is (DEA) Data Envelopment Analysis; Malmquist indexes have been used to measure changes in productivity, while Kruskal‐Wallis tests were employed to study the potential determinants of efficiency. Two main results were obtained. First, the academic departments improved their efficiency but, at the same time, the efficiency frontier worsened. Second, external and measurable factors (such as scientific sector, proportion of tenured staff, location, etc.) have a limited impact in explaining efficiency differentials. The policy implications of both results are discussed.  相似文献   

Kinetics of acoustic release of doxorubicin from stabilized and unstabilized micelles and the effect of temperature     

Ghaleb A. Husseini  Mario A. Diaz de la Rosa  Saif Al Mamary  Abdullah Al Baik 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》2011,348(1):125-133

Ultrasound is being investigated as a trigger mechanism to deliver high concentrations of chemotherapy drugs to cancerous tissues using polymeric micelles. In this paper, we examined the kinetics of acoustic release of doxorubicin using stabilized and non-stabilized micelles. Kinetic models were used to regress release and re-encapsulation time constants for three different compounds, namely non-stabilized Pluronic^® P105 micelles, P105 micelles stabilized using an interpenetrating network of N,N-diethylacrylamide and micelles formed by PEO-b-poly(NIPAAm-co-HEMA-lactate_n). Results showed that the kinetic release constant (k_r) depends on the micellar system under investigation. On the other hand, there is no statistically significant difference between re-encapsulation rate constants for stabilized and unstabilized micelles. We hypothesize that k_r depends on the degree of cross-linking or stabilization.  相似文献   

Do linkages between farmers and academic researchers influence researcher productivity? The Mexican case     

René Rivera-Huerta  Javier Mario Ekboir 《Research Policy》2011,40(7):932-942

A growing body of literature is focusing on how the collaborations researchers engage in affect their productivity. Most authors have focused on linkages among academic researchers, measuring productivity by the number of papers published in ISI journals. In contrast, the impact of interactions between academic researchers and the business sector on research productivity has been less analyzed. The aim of this paper is to analyze how broadly defined research productivity (papers, new recommendations and new techniques) in agriculture-related fields is affected by the nature of academy-farmers interactions. This latter was approached through two dimensions: the breadth of linkages and their intensity, measured by the duration, in two different modalities (R&D activities and consultancy). Based on original micro data obtained through a survey of researchers working in universities and PRCs in agriculture-related fields, we built three models, one per output, to identify the effect of the nature of interactions on research productivity. The models were estimated with a negative binomial distribution using Maximum Likelihood estimators. We found a positive relationship between interaction with farmers and publishing of papers when interactions are carried out through the R&D modality. We also found that the impact of the nature of interactions on research productivity differs according to the type of research output. The impact is broader in the case of new recommendations than in the other outputs. The production of new recommendations is positively influenced by both the breadth of linkages and their duration through both modalities of interaction (R&D and consultancy).  相似文献   

Cardiac troponins and physical exercise. It's time to make a point     

Lippi G  Cervellin G  Banfi G  Plebani M 《Biochemia medica : ?asopis Hrvatskoga dru?tva medicinskih biokemi?ara / HDMB》2011,21(1):55-62

The timely diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), in particular myocardial infarction (MI), is still one of the most challenging issues in medicine. The introduction into routine laboratory practice of assays for measuring the cardiospecific troponins has dramatically revolutionized the diagnostic approach and the recent development of methods with improved analytical sensibility (i.e., highly sensitivity [HS] assays), has further contributed to improve the negative predictive value of troponin testing but, contextually, has substantially lowered the clinical specificity of these markers. In particular, clinical studies have demonstrated the existence of an exercise-related increase of HS-troponins, with measurable values detectable in up to 94% of athletes undergoing endurance sports. This measurable amount oftroponin in blood would mirror an increased membrane permeability and early troponin release rather than reflecting a clinically threatening myocardial injury. As such, the measurable amount of cardiac troponins as assessed with the novel HS assays requires major clinical focus (i.e., serial measurement of cardiac biomarkers, detailed clinical history-taking, integration with ECG and imaging findings) to prevent misdiagnosis of ACS and/or MI in otherwise healthy persons.  相似文献   

Retrospective revaluation of associative retroactive cue interference     

Gonzalo Miguez  Mario A. Laborda  Ralph R. Miller 《Learning & behavior》2014,42(1):47-57

Two fear-conditioning experiments with rats assessed whether retrospective revaluation, which has been observed in cue competition (i.e., when compounded cues are followed with an outcome), can also be observed in retroactive cue interference (i.e., when different cues are reinforced in separate phases with the same outcome). Experiment 1 found that after inducing retroactive cue interference (i.e., X-outcome followed by A-outcome), nonreinforced presentations of the interfering cue (A) decreases interference with responding to the target cue (X), just as has been observed in retrospective revaluation experiments in cue competition. Using the opposite manipulation (i.e., adding reinforced presentations of A), Experiment 2 demonstrated that after inducing retroactive cue interference, additional reinforced presentations of the interfering cue (A) increases interference with responding to the target cue (X); alternatively stated, the amount of interference increases with the amount of training with the interfering cue. Thus, both types of retrospective revaluation occur in retroactive cue competition. The results are discussed in terms of the possibility that similar associative mechanisms underlie cue competition and cue interference.  相似文献   

EDUCATIONAL PASTICHE VERSUS THE EDUCATION OF NATURAL INTELLIGENCE AND THE INTELLECTUAL VIRTUES ACCORDING TO JACQUES MARITAIN     

Mario O. D'Souza 《Educational theory》1996,46(4):501-510

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Injury prevention in male veteran football players – a randomised controlled trial using “FIFA 11+”     

Daniel Hammes  Karen aus der Fünten  Stephanie Kaiser  Eugen Frisen  Mario Bizzini  Tim Meyer 《Journal of sports sciences》2015,33(9):873-881

The warm-up programme “FIFA 11+” has been shown to reduce football injuries in different populations, but so far veteran players have not been investigated. Due to differences in age, skill level and gender, a simple transfer of these results to veteran football is not recommended. The purpose of this study was to investigate the preventive effects of the “FIFA 11+” in veteran football players.

Twenty veteran football teams were recruited for a prospective 9-month (1 season) cluster-randomised trial. The intervention group (INT, n = 146; 45 ± 8 years) performed the “FIFA 11+” at the beginning of each training session, while the control group (CON, n = 119; 43 ± 6 years) followed its regular training routine. Player exposure hours and injuries were recorded according to an international consensus statement.

No significant difference was found between INT and CON in overall injury incidence (incidence rate ratio [IRR]: 0.91 [0.64–1.48]; P = 0.89). Only severe injuries reached statistical significance with higher incidence in CON (IRR: 0.46 [0.21–0.97], P = 0.04).

Regular conduction (i.e. once a week) of the “FIFA 11+” did not prevent injuries in veteran footballers under real training and competition circumstances. The lack of preventive effects is likely due to the too low overall frequency of training sessions.  相似文献